The Semi-Nomadic Chickasaw Indians - 599 Words

The Chickasaw Indians were a small group of Indians, consisting of a estimated amount of 5,000 people in the 1600s. They were people who were very coordinated and established their homes at close proximity. They held life at a high esteem, and had several towns and villages that incorporated present-day elements. The Chickasaw were religious and relied most on faith for healing. This Indian group worshiped the deity Ababinili. This god represents the things above such as the sun, clouds, and sky. In addition, worship of other deities was included into the religion. Each god or deity has a different purpose. For example, some deities protect against wicked spirits and evil forces. Chickasaw Indians were semi nomadic, people who moved according to season in search for food, water, shelter, and land. Families lived in villages made up of small houses with more than one house per family. Throughout the family, tasks were established separately; one category for the women and one for the men. Women were introduced at an early age how maintain their own land and raise their own crops. They accommodated in looking after their children, cooking, and cleaning. They also tended to the slaves which were often given through war with other tribes. Young girls had the option to stay close to their mother and assist their mothers with the labor or spending their day as they chose. Men were also taught at a young age to hunt and become warriors for the tribe. They often traveledShow MoreRelatedNative Americans And The New Discovered Land By The Indigenous People And Slaves1886 Words   |  8 PagesNative American land kept decreasing significantly. They only had territory of a small portion of the Appalachian Mountains because of the rising population of colonists. Thomas Jefferson also wanted them gone, however as an ultimatum he wanted the Indians to accept and integrate the English lifestyle or be terminated. ii. The Natives had different responses to the European style of treatment and English style of treatment. First the frontiers of inclusion had the Natives easily join the European

Beginning of a Civilization Essay - 1198 Words

Modern civilization as we know it began as a group of shabby huts in the ancient region of Mesopotamia. Flowing from mountains in modern Turkey, the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers created an environment favorable for settlement. Wandering groups of people happened to come upon this fertile land. The warm temperatures allowed a permanent civilization to begin. Mesopotamia is a region which has a huge variety of geography combined into one expanse of land. There are rivers, valleys, mountains, floodplains, deserts, and marshes splotched around the region. However, the most important landmarks of them all are the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Without their annual flood, ancient humans would have had difficulty in surviving. As well as†¦show more content†¦Along with the annual flooding, there was the advantage of warm temperatures which allowed for a variety of crop growth. Mesopotamians planted grains like wheat, rice, and barley and further improved their diet. After centuries of tedious labor by people, a clever idea was brought forth: the domestication of animals for farming purposes. Soon, farmers were domesticating sheep, goats, and horses to perform the labor. By using such techniques, farmers were often able to get twice as many crops as they had before, and Mesopotamia began to have food surpluses. The food surpluses were ultimately the factors that led Mesopotamia to experience remarkable development. Strong developments had to be made so that Mesopotamia could achieve success in its society. Thanks to advanced irrigation and farming techniques, there were food surpluses. Many farmers changed jobs to begin a career which would generate greater earnings. This ultimately helped the economy of ancient Mesopotamia. Eventually, people began to gain large amounts of money by selling crops and objects made by craftsmen. The wealthy and poor were separated into rural and urban areas. To keep up with a developing society, Mesopotamia made a government. Laws and tax collection systems were created to fund the government. In addition, the wealthy people made ancient learning centers, where scholars taught modern subjects such as mathematics and literature. To keep track of events, a writing system namedShow MoreRelatedThe Beginning Of Civilizations On Education1026 Words   |  5 Pagesgenders. There are many choices that have led to both the causes and the effects of what we live in now. Many people are discussing how to turn our current situations around, this is how I will accomplish these goals in my utopia. The beginning of civilizations starts on education, as future generations are taught the ideals and beliefs of a society; this leads me to take the same exact step in implementing my strategy. Basic education will be very similar to the current American system throughRead MoreThe Decline Of The Beginnings Of Civilization2439 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Ever since the beginnings of civilization, mankind has sought to find the most profitable use of his resources. Because humanity is mortal in nature, the amount of time devoted to one individual life is constantly growing smaller. The individual, aware of this fact and in an effort to make the most of his or her time allotted in life, devotes most of their mental and physical energies toward bettering them self and ensuring their survival. In early human times, this meant having manyRead MoreThe Beginning Of The River Valley Civilizations1999 Words   |  8 Pagesagriculture in order to survive, early ancient river valley civilizations began to emerge. With the emergence of these civilizations came political, environmental, religious, social, economic, technological and architecture developments that resulted in the significance in each. These early river valley civilizations are what set the stage for not only modern day but helped with the development of another. Among the seve ral early civilizations stood, Mesopotamia, established between the Tigris and EuphratesRead MoreThe Importance Of An Education During The Beginnings Of Civilizations Around The World Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pages The importance of an education has increasingly been promoted throughout the beginnings of civilizations around the world. During the early centuries, there was a push in order to achieve advancements in technologies and improve everyday life. Another reason was in regards to religious faith, to become informed about those practices and ways to reach salvation. Contrastingly, there was a need for the rulers to keep their subjects in their place, to make sure that their intellect would not interfereRead MoreThe Private Affairs Of Rulers Have Fascinated Us Since The Beginning Of Civilization1934 Words   |  8 PagesThe private affairs of rulers have fascinated us since the beginning of civilization. Many people tend to think of historical LGBT figures as being artists, authors, poets, and musicians, but they occupied many powerful positions in government as well. In times where homosexuality could be punishable by execution or torture, keeping these attractions a secret was often a matter of life and death, especially for the monarchs who lived highly publicized lives. Through the discovery of love lettersRead MoreEssay about Lord of the Flies by William Golding1325 Words   |  6 PagesCivilization can be destroyed as easily as it is created.   Without the walls of society, humans are capable of committing actions that they would have never thought possible.   Lord of the Flies focuses on a group of boys who are alone on an island without authority. The novel reveals what can become of humanity without the presence of authority.   In Lord of the Flies by William Golding, the protagonist Ralph symbolizes leadership, civilization,   as well as the loss of innocence.   Ralph is the closestRead MoreThe Fall From Moral Perfection1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fall from Moral Perfection Civilization, although a simple and natural state of mankind, is a triumph of mind over matter, of reason over instinct, and of the distinctly human over mankind’s animal nature. The concept of civilization is widely used to relate to a complex and advanced society, as well as ancient cultures that flourished centuries ago, which left a significant mark on how a society functions in modern times. In the context of early civilizations, the domestication of animal-likeRead MoreWhat Makes A Civilization?1508 Words   |  7 PagesAmongst the three books we’ve read and discussed the key similarity between them are civilizations. Starting from the beginning leading to the highest point in progress, then the quick downfall, The only difference is their point of view and what they thought civilization was based on the material they’ve collected and others work they’ve reviewed. So I’ll start with the question, â€Å"What is civilization?† civilizat ion is the stage of human social development and organization that is considered more advancedRead MoreCivilization Of Mesopotamia Civilization996 Words   |  4 PagesMesopotamia Civilization Mesopotamia is one of the oldest civilization in the history. Contrary to other unified civilization like Greece or Egypt, Mesopotamia civilization was a collection of different cultures and the scripts bore their bonds. This included their attitudes towards women as well as their gods. The laws, customs and the language of Akkad, for instance did not correspond to that of the Babylonians (Oppenheim, 2013). However, Pantheon of gods, rights of women and importance of literacyRead MoreEarly African Societies Essay933 Words   |  4 Pages The beginning of time has always played a major role in history. The beginning of time explains the reasons for each and every creature, plant, and unexplainable phenomena that have occurred on this earth. Chapter one of World History: A Topical Approach primarily explains to the reader the different arguments that people believe are true. There are many claims that scientist have found to be very true, but then there are others who believe in a phenomenon quite different. Some scientists date

Rate and Sequence of Development Free Essays

string(162) " will learn to walk | | |up the stairs holding on to the hand rail; this will develop into the child confidently | | |climbing stairs and outdoor play equipment\." Babies are born at 40 weeks. If a baby is born before the due date, they will be classed as premature. Premature babies generally take longer to meet the early development milestones, Newborn babies spend more time sleeping than being awake. We will write a custom essay sample on Rate and Sequence of Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is very important to a newborn baby to spend quality time bonding with their primary carer. Babies develop fast during the first four weeks; feeding and sleeping patterns can start to form and will start to communicate through smiling and crying. As from 3 months old, babies are much more alert, and generally settled into a day and night routine and cry less often. Being more settled and interacting with people around them, and can recognise their primary carer. From 6 months babies can express enjoyment through laughing and smiling. They can reach for objects; this heightens the need for exploration. From 9 months babies are usually becoming more mobile, they can explore their environment. Cognitive and communication development is improving and babies are aware of words. From this age, the emotional lesson is being learnt, as babies begin to understand that carers who leave the room will return. At 12 months babies are much more mobile. The baby is becoming much more vocal and babbling to the carer. Fine motor skills are developing and the baby is becoming more interested in feeding themselves, also the baby starts to remember things. From 15 months a child’s language is really developing, and can start to put together a small key worded sentence. Walking is steadier, and as the sense of independence develops, so does the frustration within the child, and prevention is usually the cause. From 18 months, a child will understand most of what is being said to them, so communication is important. Children of this age still cannot control their emotions and need a lot of sensitivity from their carers when they become overwhelmed by their feelings. From 2 years, a child’s personality is evident and become more apparent every day. Cognitive and behavioural development is continuing during this stage, short sentences are spoken and walking and movement is confident, leading to trying new things, like climbing and jumping. The child will begin to understand emotion and consequences. At 3 years, children start to take an interest in peers, this is suitably timed as at this as children start pre-school, and can enjoy playing with others of a similar age. Children learn to express themselves through speech, in doing so, this reduces the child’s frustration. At 4 years, children will make the transition to school, which marks a massive change in their lives. When starting school the child will be fluent talkers, confident movers and will already have a social group of friends. Their concentration span will be increasing all the time. At 5 years old children will be settled into formal schooling. Many children will enjoy the challenge of the classroom and independence of playtimes. Others however can find it all very difficult because learning doesn’t interest them or find the learning difficult. This can cause a negative feeling towards school. Friends are very important now. At 6-7 years old, physical development has now slowed down to previous years, but confidence levels increase, as does learning within the school. Between the ages of 8-12 years, Children will be reading and writing well. Children have learnt what it is they enjoy and dislike. During this stage of life, it can be a emotional time, children will be moving on to new school and leaving old friendship groups and starting to make new friendship groups. Puberty can start around this age (mainly girls). Technology often causes a child to be less active in this age group and so a balanced diet is required. Between the ages 13 – 19 years, there is a lot happening, puberty, relationships, exams, leaving school, career choices. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] New Born CryingHappyPrimary carer [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] In prone SittingCrawling Walking [pic] [pic][pic] [pic] [pic] Learning through play (18 months – 4 years) [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Learning through play (5 years – 19 years) Physical Development |Age Range |Development within the age range | |0 – 3 months |Babies hands are tightly closed most of the time. The baby will lay with head to one side | | |(in supine position) and legs pulled up toward the abdomen (in prone position), head falls| | |forward (head lag) and the back curves. As the baby gets older they are aware of faces, | | |more so when fed and talked to. | |3 – 6 months |Â  The baby’s head in central position (in supine), the head and chest can be lifted from | | |the floor and can supported themselves with their forearms (in prone). The back is | | |straighter and slight head lag remains. The baby will have found their arms and can be | | |waved and brought together; legs can be kicked separately and together. The baby is alert | | |and will move their head to watch others. The baby has found their fingers and can engage | | |in hand and finger play and briefly are able to hold objects before dropping. | |6 – 12 months |Â  During this age, babies develop fast and start to learn big movements like, rolling over | | |to going onto their hands and knees to progressing to taking a few steps. Sitting unaided | | |is also developed during this age. Also a number of fine motor skills develop during this | | |age, the palmar grasp to and inferior pincer grasp to then recognising and controlling the| | |release of this grasp. The hand – eye coordination is more defined and now able to feed | | |with a spoon and finger foods. | |1 yr- 2yrs |Â  The child’s walking has become more confident and will attempt to run. The child will | | |start to crawl the stairs, and will walk them if hand is held by a carer. The marks on | | |paper progress into scribbles, a small tower of block will progress into a tall tower. The| | |child can now push themselves along on ride-on-toys, and is able to kick and throw balls. | |The child will now be able to thread cotton reels using the delicate pincer grasp. | |2 yrs – 4 yrs |Â  During this age, the physical activity becomes independent. The child will learn to walk | | |up the stairs holding on to the hand rail; this will develop into the child confidently | | |climbing stairs and outdoor play equipment. You read "Rate and Sequence of Development" in category "Essay examples" The child will develop from riding large | | |wheeled toys without peddles to using peddles and steering confidently. Kicking a | | |stationary ball will develop into kicking moving balls in straight lines. Drawing becomes | | |an interest, faces and letters are often attempted, using the preferred hand. | |4 yrs – 7 yrs |Â  From the age of 4 years, children will be learning how to fasten buttons, zips, use | | |scissors and cut out basic shapes. Writing becomes more familiar and will be learning how | | |to write his/her name and other short familiar words. A Child’s coordination will increase| | |and will be able to play games with rules. General balance is good; bikes stabilisers will| | |start to be removed. By the time a child is 7 years, they will be able to hop, skip and | | |use larger outdoor play equipment in schools and parks. The child will be able to catch | | |with one hand and be able to tie up their shoe laces. | |7 yrs – 12 yrs |Â  Physical growth slows down during this age group. The development of coordination and | | |speed of movement along with physical strength develops during this time. The child’s | | |interest in TV, computers and games consoles over take the physical play. The child’s | | |writing becomes more adult like, as does the use of computer equipment. | |12 yrs – 16 yrs |Â  Generally puberty begins between 11-13yrs. The bodies of both boys and girls change | | |throughout puberty. There is a variation in age in which this occurs; girls usually enter | | |puberty by 13 years and boys 14 years. Sporting talents become more apparent during this | | |time. | |16 yrs – 19 yrs |Â  A girl’s body can become more woman-like by 16 years old, and a boy becomes manlier by | | |16-17 years. Intellectual and Cognitive Development |Age Range |Development within the age range | |0 – 3 months |From birth a baby can be soothed by a familiar voice, usually the primary carer. Through | | |the use of senses, the baby starts to understand that he/she is a separate person. The | | |baby will begin to notice object in their immediate environment | |3 – 6 months |Â  From 3 months a baby will show interest in bright shiny o bjects. The baby will be very | | |alert and will watch things going on around them keenly. The baby will explore by putting | | |objects into their mouth | |6 – 12 months |Â  The baby will explore the immediate environment, the primary carer staying within close | | |proximity. During this age, the child will start to look for items which have fallen. | |1 yr- 2yrs |Â  From 1 year, the baby’s memory develops. Remembering past events will highlight the | | |anticipation of future familiar events. The baby will also start to look for objects that | | |have fallen out of sight, knowing they still exist, but can’t be seen. At this young age, | | |child will look for, and return familiar things in there right places. The child will use | | |toys in a way they are familiar with e. g. putting a doll in a bath. The child becomes | | |aware of peers and takes an interest in their activities. A child will use trial and error| | |in a way to explore and discover the world around them. | |2 yrs – 4 yrs |Â  A child from 2 years will understand that actions have consequences. He/she will be able | | |to complete simple jigsaw puzzles and build a tower of bricks; creativity within imaginary| | |and creative play is developed. The child will start asking what and why question and | | |using speech of thinking and reporting. The child can name colours and sort items into | | |simple sets. The child will now be able to recognise his/ her own written name | |4 yrs – 7 yrs |Â  At 4 years old, a child’s memory has developed, and can recall many songs and stories. | | |The child is now able to problem solve, number correspondence improves, reading and | | |vocabulary develops. The child will learn from new experiences at school, and learning | | |style preferences may be apparent. | |7 yrs – 12 yrs |Â  The child now understands mathematical questions and is able to find the answers in | | |number calculations, measuring nd weighing. Many children can read and write simple text | | |by the age of 7. A child will learn a new range of subjects at secondary school, and might| | |follow their own individual interests out of school. A sense of logic develops. | |12 yrs – 16 yrs |Academic knowledge increases as exam curriculum is followed. | |16 yrs – 19 yrs |Towards the age of 16 years, future career decisions are made . e. g. further educati on, | | |career choices. | Communication Development Age Range |Development within the age range | |0 – 3 months |A newborn baby communicates through sound, crying and physical closeness. The baby will | | |begin to coo and gurgle with the primary carer when talked to. The baby starts to | | |recognise and link familiar sounds such as the face and the voice of a carer. He/she will | | |copy high and low sounds and will return a smile when smiled at. | |3 – 6 months |Â  Sounds are used primarily to call for a carers attention. The baby is babbling frequently| | |and enjoys rhymes and the rhyme actions. The baby plays tunefully with the sounds he/she | | |can make. | |6 – 12 months |Â  The baby now recognises his/her own name and recognises familiar words, including ‘no’. | | |The baby will makes longer strings of babbling sounds and intentionally uses volume | | |vocally. The baby will increasingly understand basic messages communicated by carers and | | |older siblings. |1 yr- 2yrs |Â  The babbling increasingly starts to sound like speech and lead to single words being | | |spoken. The child shows an understanding that particular words are associated with people| | |and objects, by using a few simple words in context. Labelling such as ‘you’ ‘me’ ‘mine’ | | |is understood and the use of single words increases and begins to use people’s names. The | | |child understands a great deal of what carers say. | |2 yrs – 4 yrs |Â  At 2 yea rs, the child will point to items and name them. Vocabulary increases and | | |sentences are used. Some sentences can be used incorrectly, but by 42 months most language| | |is used correctly. The child enjoys stories and rhymes and will use plurals, pronouns, | | |adjectives, possessives and tenses. | |4 yrs – 7 yrs |Â  From 4 years, a child uses language fluently and is clear and understood to all. He/ she | | |have an understanding of language, and can enjoy rhymes, stories and nonsense. The child’s| | |vocabulary is growing each day, and will be learning to read, he/she will recognise small,| | |key words. At the age of 6 years, the child’s language becomes more adult like and enjoys | | |word play and jokes. | |7 yrs – 12 yrs |Â  The child enjoys social chats with friends and family, the conversation becomes more | | |adult like. Both verbal and written communication is fluent and the correct grammar is | | |used. The child may read as a leisure pass time. |12 yrs – 16 yrs |Â  The child may be reluctant to ask adults for advice or information required. It may be | | |sourced anonymously. | |16 yrs – 19 yrs |At this age the child will enjoy socialising with friend and having catch up chats with | | |friends and family. | Social, Emotional and Behavioural Development |Age Range |Development within the age range | |0 – 3 months |A new born baby will smile from about 5 weeks, the baby will discover what he/she can do, | | |a nd create a sense of self. The baby may cry if the primary carer leaves the room because | | |the baby doesn’t understand that the person still exists and will return. The baby is able| | |to show excitement and fear. The baby responds positively to a kind soothing carer, If a | | |carer doesn’t respond to the baby, the baby will stop trying to interact. | |3 – 6 months |Â  The baby can now clearly tell people apart, showing a preference for a primary carer and | | |siblings. During this age the baby shows a wider range of feeling clearly and vocally. | |He/she will reach out to be held and may stop crying when spoken to. The baby enjoys | | |attention from others and seeing themselves in the mirror. | |6 – 12 months |Â  During this time the baby becomes increasingly mobile which allows the child to approach | | |people. The baby understands that when a carer leaves the room, they will return. Baby’s | | |offer objects in their hands but do not let go. The sense of self ide ntity increases as | | |self-esteem and self-confidence develop. The child will start to wave goodbye, prompted at| | |first, then freely. The child is now happy to play alongside other children for increasing| | |lengths of time. | |1 yr- 2yrs |Â  The child becomes more curious to the world around them. The child may signs of | | |separation anxiety and can be jealous of attention or toys given to other children. | | |Emotions are changeable; they quickly alternate between wanting to do things alone, and | | |then requiring their carers help. The child becomes frustrated easily when not able to | | |carry out their chosen task. The child show angry defiance and resistance to adults At | | |this age the child likes to follow their carer and like to help with the activities, | | |imitating them. | |2 yrs – 4 yrs |Â  At this age a child is beginning to understand his/her own feeling and identifies happy | | |and sad faces. The child is also aware of other people’s feelings. They will be able to | | |tell others how they feel. Children will respond to carers lovingly, and is affected by | | |their mood. The child may use language to protest verbally, causing them to be less | | |rebellious. The child will now be using the toilet and washes own hands, He/she will also | | |be able to dress them self. | |4 yrs – 7 yrs |Â  The child may be socially confident and self-esteem is apparent and responds well to | | |praise for behaviour, encouragement and responsibility. The control over emotions | | |increases but as imagination increases the child can become more fearful. At this age the | | |child will be keen to ‘fit in’ with other and approval from adults and peers is desired. | | |Friends are important; most of these are made in school. The managing of behaviour is best| | |carried out and often responds best to ‘time out’ method. The child will enjoy games and | | |activities. | |7 yrs – 12 yrs |Â  Around the age of 7 years, a child will doubt their learning ability and often say ‘I | | |can’t do it’. This leads them to becoming frustrated easily. Personality is established | | |more firmly as attitudes to life are developed. The child is more susceptible to peer | | |pressure, solid friendships are formed and ‘best friends’ are important. The child may | | |feel unsettled when making the transition from primary school to secondary school and as | | |puberty approaches. Strong friendships are relied upon and usually the same sex. The child| | |may be reluctant to go to clubs unless a friend is there too. At this age the child is | | |more independent and able to make more decisions. | |12 yrs – 16 yrs |Â  The child will now travel to school alone. Mood swings become more apparent due to | | |puberty. There will be a desire for the child to ‘fit in’ with peers and express | | |individuality this can be through art/ music/ dance or creative writing and possibly | | |through dress and hairstyles. The child may prefer to spend time with friends rather than | | |family, and may tend to spend more time in their bedroom at home. A balance of school and | | |leisure time is important. | | 16 yrs – 19 yrs|Â  The child becomes interested in own sexuality and feels attracted to others and may | | |develop romantic and sexual relationships. The child may experiment with smoking, drugs or| | |alcohol, this behaviour is linked with low self-esteem. The child may self experiment with| | |identity through appearance . e. g. piercings and tattoos. A child may start a new job, it | | |is important that a home, work and social life balance is taken on. | Moral Development Age Range |Development within the age range | |0 – 3 months | | |3 – 6 months |Â   | |6 – 12 months |Â   | |1 yr- 2yrs |Â   | |2 yrs – 4 yrs |Â  The child is increasingly able to understand consequence of behaviour and the concept of | | |‘getting in trouble’. The child understands the concept of saying sorry and ‘making up’ | |4 yrs – 7 yrs |Â  The child has a good understa nding of familiar, basic rules. If he/she are in an | | |environment where swearing is happening, it is likely the child will use in their own | | |language. The child will have experienced blaming and blame, and feels shame/guilt when | | |adults disapprove. The child will be keen to win and be ‘right’. | |7 yrs – 12 yrs |Â  Attitudes to life are being developed – these are the basis of future moral codes. The | | |child can understand increasingly complex rules, impacting on the sense of right and | | |wrong. Conflict with parents arise due to wanting independence, home rules are unfair, and| | |refuse to wear clothing that parents have bought. | |12 yrs – 16 yrs |Â  The child will now develop personal morals, beliefs and values outside of parents’ | | |influence . e. g. egetarian | |16 yrs – 19 yrs |Â  The child may protest to make their feelings know and to act on a desire to change the | | |world . e. g. petitions, student protests | All tables are guides and development ages groups are approximate. Question: What is the difference between Sequence of development and Rate of develop ment? Why is the difference important? |Sequence |Rate | |The sequence is the order on which children develop. For |The rate is the speed or age on which children develop. For | |example, a child will learn to sit up before they can walk. |example, children of the same age will not reach all of the | |There are exceptions to this; children or young adults with a |milestones at the same age. | |disability may develop differently. | | It is importance to identify the difference and how each one plays a role in identifying the accomplishments of a child, what milestones have been reached and when. They enable charting of a child or young person’s development to happen and provide a structure or picture that can measure where a child might be in need of support. How to cite Rate and Sequence of Development, Essay examples

Construction Law In Singapore And Malaysia -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Construction Law In Singapore And Malaysia? Answer: Introduction Building and construction adopt standard form contracts generally but the process of their conclusion performance and remedies available for their breach resembles those applicable under any other form of general contract. The elements required of a valid contract however have to exist for such a contract to be legally enforceable. The contract should have a dispute resolution clause that provides for the manner and forum for resolving disputes arising out of a disputed contract for building and construction. Contracts for building and construction generally employ alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in resolving construction disputes. Arbitration is always preferred as the parties maintain a control over the dispute as to opposed to a judicial process where the control of the dispute resolution process is taken away from the parties. The practical solutions that this paper proposes would majorly form part of the provisions of the main contract document with an exception of a few matters that require specialized treatment that will require inclusion in a facilitating contract that is ancillary to the main contract (Robinson Lavers, 2010, p. 51). The main contract incorporates the facilitating contract through reference; the main contractor shall also have the general supervisory powers over all the contracts relating to the project. The facilitating contracts could be numerous as every specialized works will require different people skilled in varied fields and therefore the need to have each specialist and their duties and responsibilities reduced into writing differently (Chan Suen, H. C. (2015) The relocation of Equipment and Staff The construction contract would relate to the carrying out of works on an already existing Burnaby building which needs to be improved and the floors increased. Naturally, there are persons who are employed by the Portsmouth University and use the building as their work offices together with the equipment they use for their day to day activities in the provision of services to the university. These persons and their equipment will require to be moved to create space for the construction works (Barrie Paulson, 2012, p. 67). There are two options for the moving of staff and equipment; relocating them to already existing structures within the university or to temporary structures built for such purpose. Though the two options are available, there are factors that should be taken into account before settling into one or the other. The most important factor to be considered is the security of both the equipment and the staff. It is natural that security may not be guaranteed if the staff and equipment are moved to some temporary structure with no security. To ensure that both the staff and equipment are safe, relocation would be to the existing structures. Another factor that should be considered is the available space. The number of staff and equipment available might be more than the available space; this would mean that certain equipment especially those that are not used on a daily basis are kept in temporary and makeshift structures but with enhanced security to avoid any loss or destruction that may make the university to incur additional costs in replacing equipment that have been destroyed by bad and unfavorable weather conditions or otherwise stolen (Bruner O'Connor, 2012, p. 48). Considering the available options, the existing structures are preferred when relocating staff and equipment as security is guaranteed. Existing structures would also provide better working environment and conditions to the staff as they should, even when the construction works continues, provide the essential services and support that the university requires to achieve its mandate (Bruner O'Connor, 2012, p. 22). Relocation of staff and equipment normally occurs before the commencement of the construction works. Engaging the main contractor to undertake the relocation of staff and equipment would be very expensive to the university. This would therefore necessitate the negotiating and entering into a facilitating or an enabling contract. This a form of contract that is different from the one of the main contractor which is concluded between the employer and a service provider for the carrying out of specialized works necessary before the main construction works can continue. Relocation of staff and equipment qualifies as a special work since the equipment that are fixed have to be removed by someone who has special training in the use and installation of such equipment (Callon Law, 2009, p. 29). Under the new 2016 JCT, there is provision for the insurance of works to cover damage and injury associated with construction sites. Under clause 6.2, the responsibility and liability that would likely arise rests with the person contracted to undertake such works. The person engaged to undertake the relocation of staff and equipment should be one who is registered and capable of taking out an insurance cover to assist in mitigating any loss or injury likely to occur in a construction site (Bresnen Marshall, 2010, p.21). Loss, injury and damage that results from the acts of negligence of persons engaged in the relocation of equipment and staff, the client has the right to seek and obtain indemnity from the contractor. Clause 6.3 provides that any form of loss and damage that are caused to existing structures and equipment should be borne by the contractor. The clause providing for indemnity is expressly contained in the contract and enjoys the force of law; and can be enforced where a party ignores or neglects his obligation under the contract. The parties are however free to include an exclusion clause when the application of the indemnity clause. Where the loss or damage results from an act that is exempted, indemnity does not arise and the loss will be borne by the employer on his own account. A contractor who is keen in minimizing personal liability for loss, injury and damage should therefore be encouraged to take out an insurance policy cover for any perils that are common in construction sites. This is buttressed by JCT at clause 6.4 which provide for the insurance the works as well as the contractor to cover personal liability which may arise in the performance of the construction works. The said insurance policy should however be taken in the name of the employer in accordance with clauses 6.5.1 and 6.1.5 but the premium paid by the contractor since it relates to personal cover (Gould et al, 2010, p. 84). The relocated equipment as well as the existing structures should be well maintained to ensure the continued safety of the equipment kept therein. Damage to existing structures and equipment is a ground that could lead to repudiation or termination of the contract by either of the parties so as to mitigate and prevent further damage and destruction. However, such loss or damage that motivates a party to terminate a contract should be a material damage. JCT at clause 6.14 lays down the grounds and factors as well as the procedure to be followed when terminating the contract. The party that is desirous in terminating the contract has to issue notice of the intention to terminate within a reasonable time which is usually about 28 days. Where the contract is repudiated or terminated, the liability will on the employer to undertake the repair of the damaged equipment (Fenn et al, 2011, p. 66). In Hersent Offshore SA and Amsterdamse Ballast Beton-Waterbouw BV v. Burmah Oil Tankers Ltd (1978), the question that the court was faced with was a consideration of what amounted to adequate and reasonable notice of the intention to terminate the contract by either of the parties. The court held that notice that is issued long after the works have been completed cannot be said that such notice was issued during the continued performance of the works or before the commencement of the construction works Provisions in the contract document should be drafted in such a manner that is exhaustive, giving each of the parties well defined duties and responsibilities to avoid liability being borne by one party to the contract. Where each of the parties responsibilities and duties under the contract is well laid down, the risks associated and prone in construction contracts are spread to minimize the costs and liability which would otherwise be borne by one party who is at fault or is said to have been negligent The IT and other electrical connectivity and related services are form part and parcel of operations of every organization. In their relocation to the existing structure and/or temporary structures, the persons contracted to undertake such relocation should be extra cautious to limit and prevent any damage as well as loss of any form. Such sensitive matters warrant the engagement of specialists through a facilitating contract specifically concluded between the employer and the specialist in carrying out the relocation of Information Technology as well as equally delicate electrical connections and services. The facilitating contract would then be incorporated into the main contract by way of reference; giving the main contractor supervisory roles over the works carried out by the registered and recognized specialist (Hinze, 2010, p. 41). It is expensive on the employer to undertake the relocation of staff and equipment. To ensure continued minimization of costs and to avoid any instance of delay in the performance of the construction works, the facilitating contract should be concluded under terms that ensure the cost involved is to the minimum. The costs should be checked because such relocation is temporary for a very limited amount of time and upon the successful completion of the construction works, those staff together with their equipment that had undergone relocation would be returned simultaneously especially where there is provision for staged access of the building under construction. A facilitating contract would ensure that the performance of the works is expedited due to division of labor as well as responsibility amongst several persons; and not leaving all the work and decision making to the contractor. The contractor is only charged with supervisory roles as the special works are left to specialists and persons generally trained and instructed to undertake such specialized works involved in building and construction (Richter Mitchell, 2012, p, 63). Construction and Staged access In building and construction, a building under construction is capable of being occupied when the construction works are still continuing. Staged access is commonly seen and practiced in those organizations that engage in the provision of continuous services whose interruption would be detrimental to the mandate of such organizations. This particular project is being undertaken in a university that provides learning services to students in a continuous process over a long period of time and interruption should be kept to the minimum or avoided altogether. To ensure that the provision of services is continuous and uninterrupted, the building should be occupied in stages for example, the lower floors would be completed first to allow for occupation before the upper floors are constructed to allow staff to move in and continue offering services to the students and the university at large. Whereas staged access requires authority to be obtained, the employer has the duty and responsibility if ensuring that such consents are sought and obtained within reasonable time. The building plans in order to ensure staged access would necessitate splitting into smaller factions capable of being treated as independent and separate contracts. This would allow a floor to be completed to allow staged access before proceeding with works on the subsequent floors (Howarth Watson, 2009, p. 57). The new 2016 JCT provides for staged access of buildings under construction. This is provided at clause 2.3.3. The employer is required to seek and obtain consent every time a floor is ready for occupation. Staged access should be contained in the main contract with a clause providing expressly and specifically for staged access of the building under construction. Such clause should however be detailed, providing for detailed procedure and the mode through which such access should be achieved. Staged access of a building under construction can however be expensive depending on the amount of the works involved. For instance, where the building is a storey one, say twenty floors, obtaining consent for each floor will be tedious and expensive However, there are a category of contracts for building and construction where staged access cannot be avoided no matter how expensive its adoption and use is. This being a learning institution, staged access is inevitable since offering services to the university should be provided continuously to the students in the learning institution. In the case of Mistry v Thakor (2005) EWCA Civ. 953, the plaintiff was hit and sustained injuries as a result of being fell on by a cladding from a building adjacent to where the applicant was as he walked on a public road. The court found that the property manager was guilty of negligence by failing to warn that the panels on the subject building were dangerous and could cause serious injury to passers-by. Pre-cautions should therefore be in place to ensure that students and members of staff are safe and not exposed to any situation that may occasion injury to them. This should also extend to members of the public especially where the building is located adjacent to a public way (Cushman Myers, 2009, p. 39). Information Technology Services When undertaking the relocation of the staff and equipment, it will be necessary to switch off and relocate as well the IT and other electrical services that power the equipment and ensure that they function as required (Oglesby et al, 2009, p. 71). The learning institution heavily depends on the IT and other electrical connections and services and being very sensitive aspect in the building and construction, it will necessitate that a facilitating contract be entered into between the employer and a registered specialist to undertake the switch off without causing material damage and delays in the delivery of the mandate of the university. Such contract should contain provisions that speak to the time, manner and cost of such switch off and reconnection on the temporary structures as well as the existing structures if such connection had not been extended by the university to cover such buildings and premises (Cheung Yiu, 2013, p. 17). Some perils do happen and are normally associated with construction sites. One of those major risks is fire. The main contract should contain a provision on common perils such as fire and how they should be prevented and/or managed if in any case they occur. The risk and liability arising from an outbreak of fire needs to shared between the contractor and the sub contractor. Under JCT, clause 6.18 makes it mandatory for construction contracts to have provisions that speak to and comply with the joint fire code and any of the amendments likely to be made on the code from time to time. Acts that are considered as breach to the fire code and the actions that should be taken when fire eventually breaks are provided for under clause 6.19 and contracts should fully adopt them (Jones, 2014, p. 15). Other than complying with and incorporating the provisions of the joint fire code into the contract document, insurance can also mitigate loss occasioned by fire outbreaks (Kumaraswamy, 2011, p. 101). In the case of Six Continents Retail Ltd v Carford Catering Ltd (2003), the court considered a dispute on fire resulting from fire outbreak where the defendants, who had been contracted by the plaintiffs to carry out finishing works in the kitchen were sued after fire outbreak a few days after they had completed the works. The court found the defendants guilty for not mitigating and preventing the outbreak of the fire (Lambert White, 2012, p. 91). In the case of Mistry v Thakor (2005) EWCA Civ. 953, the plaintiff was hit and sustained injuries as a result of being fell on by a cladding from a building adjacent to where the applicant was as he walked on a public road. The court found that the property manager was guilty of negligence by failing to warn that the panels on the subject building were dangerous and could cause serious injury to passers-by. The contractor is therefore under duty to carry out construction works in such a way that the security and safety of the building, workers and members of the public is guaranteed. This would prevent injuries that would otherwise be avoided by being a little cautious (Jervis Levin, 2009, p. 19). The safety of the persons employed in the construction site should be guaranteed by the contractor. This should extend even to members of the public. While it is the responsibility of the contractor to ensure safety, the contract should give the contractor the authority of engaging safety supervisors to ensure that the site is safe and people are not exposed to instances and likelihood of sustaining injuries. Ensuring the safety of the construction site may not require the conclusion of a facilitating contract, the duties and functions of the safety supervisors can be contained in the main contract document and therefore there is no need of entering into another contract specifically for that even though the persons to be engaged might likely be those with special training and experience in ensuring that a construction site is safe (Choy Sidwell, 2011, p. 77). The new 2016 JCT contain provisions that speak to the safety as well as other important precautionary measures that should be taken to protect the health of people who are in the employment of the contractor to assist him in carrying out of the construction works, third parties and members of the public (QC, R. W. S. 2010, p. 33). The new JCT at schedule 2 require parties to a contract to create a conducive environment that guarantees better health and safety standards of all those individuals engaged in the construction works. In the case of Alfred McAlpine Construction Ltd (2001) 1 AC 518, the contractor entered into building and construction contract that required him to build a certain storey building which hosted several offices and had provision for parking places. It was held by the court that third parties are not privy to a contract and therefore have no locus standi to sue on behalf of either party except in situations where the performance of the subject matter of the contract would directly affect them (Chan Tse, 2013, p.19). Removal of asbestos Since time immemorial, asbestos had been used in undertaking constructions. But due to its poisonous nature, there was the passing of the Toxic Substances and Control Act to limit the health hazards that its use poses both to people and the environment as well. Asbestos became hazardous upon being damaged especially when the building is being demolished. The hazardous nature posed health problems to residents and occupants. This is because its fibres when released to the air are very dangerous to the health of people and causes environmental degradation (Rubin, 2013, p. 47). Before demolishing any building, the consent of the Occupational Safety and Health Commission (OSHA) has to be sought and obtained. OSHA are mandated to prescribe the best way to proceed in removal of asbestos without causing any life threatening hazards both to the people in actual occupation of the subject building, those in the employment of the contractor in undertaking such demolition and the environment at large. OSHA ensures that filters are used so as to limit and prevent the negative effects of the fibres released when a building where asbestos had been used during construction is under demolition. Other than filters, ventilation systems and enclosures also assist in minimizing the dangers posed by asbestos. The contract document should contain provisions providing for the engagement of OSHA during demolition so that OSHA can suggest best ways to undertake the demolition without exposing individuals to hazards likely to be posed by asbestos (Simon, 2009, p. 23). Removal of asbestos is likely to affect the date initially set as the completion date for the construction works. However, it should be done procedurally so that the health of other persons is not jeopardized. In the case of Education 4 Ayrshire Ltd v. South Ayrshire Council (2009), the issue was whether the contractor could be held to have committed a breach of the contract by failing to notify the employer of the likelihood of delays due to inevitable technical issues. The contractor was not aware that there existed additional asbestos that would need to be removed before continuing with the construction works. The court made a finding that the contractor was obliged to issue a written and adequate notice to the employer of such fact while informing the employer of his considered estimation of any additional timelines needed to successfully complete the works (Stipanowich, 2009, p. 45). Due to the dangerous nature of asbestos, removal of asbestos would necessitate the engagement of a specialist. A facilitating contract is therefore necessary between the specialist and the employer to provide for the most efficient and safer method of undertaking such removal. The facilitating contract would then be incorporated into the main contract by way of reference. The facilitating contract will however be under the close supervision of the main contractor to ensure that the removal is undertaken in line with the recommendations of OSHA to avoid any form of causing health problems to people and the environment (Stokes, 2009, p. 21). Initially, the 2011 JCT and its provisions were used in drafting and performance of construction contracts. The new JCT of 2016 has however made improvements and caused changes in the 2011 JCT. the new JCT is now in use due to the changes that have made contracting efficient and the performance of contracts effective. The most notable changes are on performance security, insurance, company guarantees, payments, performance bonds just to mention a few (Love et al, 2008, p. 50). The contractor is obligated by clause 7.3 of the 2016 JCT to ensure that company guarantees and performance bonds have been provided at the time when the contract is being entered into The new JCT also provides for the rights of third parties. Clause 7.4 gives third parties the right to be given warranties by the subcontractor. There is therefore a requirement that parties should when completing contracts include and incorporate Construction Regulations (Uff, 2015, p. 23). Another important change that had been introduced by the 2016 JCT is the insurance of construction works upon the commencement of the construction works. Parties have the choice to make use of say for instance the replacement schedule called C.1. The C.1 allows the party to use varied arrangements for the construction works. The arrangements allow the parties to adopt insurance plans that cover varied risks that are susceptible in the construction industry. The new JCT has also specified the manner of drafting the contracts to provide for insurance (Sykes, 2016, p. 14). The subject contract cannot therefore adopt the use of the old JCT in this particular contract since the new JCT has more comprehensive and detailed provisions that provides guarantee to the contracting parties in the performance of the contract without incurring any form of additional liability. While there is the main contract providing for the general works to be done by the main contractor and other facilitating contracts that deals with the special works such as removal of asbestos and relocation of staff and equipment (Uff, 2015, p. 41). Conclusion In summary, a construction contract is negotiated and entered into just like any other general contract. The essential elements of a contract have to exist for the said contract to be legally enforceable. The contract should also provide for the rights and responsibilities of the parties to the contract (Hughes et al, 2015, p 24). The contract should contain express provisions providing for even dispute resolution clauses so that any conflict in the performance of the contract. Most contracts adopt alternative dispute resolution most specifically arbitration which assist parties to retain the dispute resolution process under their control. References Barrie, D. S., Paulson, B. C. (2012) Professional construction management: including CM, design-construct, and general contracting McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math Bruner, P. L., O'Connor, P. J. (2012)Bruner and O'Connor on construction law(Vol. 7). West Group. Bruner, P. L., O'Connor, P (2012) Construction Law West Group Callon, M., Law, J. (2009) On the construction of socio-technical networks: Content and context revisited. Knowledge and Society, 8(1), 57-83 Chan, E. H., Tse, R. Y. (2013) Cultural considerations in international construction contracts Journal of construction engineering and management, 129(4), 375-381 Cushman, R. F., Myers, J. J. (2009) Construction law handbook (Vol. 2) Aspen Publishers Online Chan, E. H., Suen, H. C. (2015) Dispute resolution management for international construction projects in China Management Decision, 43(4), 589-602. Cheung, S. O., Yiu, T. W. (2013) Are construction disputes inevitable?. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 53(3), 456-470 Choy, W. K., Sidwell, A. C. (2011) Sources of variations in Australian construction contracts. Building Economist, 30(3), 25-30 Fenn, P., Lowe, D., Speck, C. (2011) Conflict and dispute in construction Construction Management Economics, 15(6), 513-518 Gould, N., King, C., Britton, P. (2010) Mediating construction disputes: an evaluation of existing practice. Centre for Construction Law, Kings College, London Google Scholar Hinze, J. (2010). Construction contracts McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math Howarth, T., Watson, D. P. (2009) Construction safety management Wiley-Blackwell Hughes, W., Champion, R., Murdoch, J. (2015) Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge Jervis, B. M., Levin, P. (2009) Construction law, principles and practice McGraw-Hill College. Jones, S. R. (2014). How constructive is construction law? Construction Law Journal, 10, 28-28 Kelleher Jr, T. J., Mastin, J. M., Robey, R. G., Smith, C., Hancock, L. L. P. (2014). Smith, Currie and Hancock's Common Sense Construction Law: A Practical Guide for the Construction Professional. John Wiley Sons Kumaraswamy, M. M. (2011). Common categories and causes of construction claims Construction Law Journal Kumaraswamy, M. M., Yogeswaran, K. (2008) significant sources of construction claims International construction law review Lambert, J. D., White, L. (2012) Handbook of modern construction law Prentice Hall Love, P. E., Davis, P., London, K., Jasper, T. (2008) Casual modeling of construction disputes Oglesby, C. H., Parker, H. W., Howell, G. A. (2009) Productivity improvement in construction Mcgraw-Hill College QC, R. W. S. (2010). Construction contracts: law and practice (p. 210). Oxford University Press, New York. Richter, I., Mitchell, R. S. (2012) Handbook of construction law and claims. Reston Publishing Company Robinson, N. M., Lavers, A. P. (2010) Construction law in Singapore and Malaysia Lexis Law Publishing (Va). Rubin, R. A. (2013). Construction claims: analysis, presentation, defense Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Simon, M. S. (2009). Construction contracts and claims McGraw-Hill Companies Stipanowich, T. J. (2009) reconstructing construction law: Reality and reform in a transactional system. Wis. L. Rev., 463 Stokes, M. (2009) Construction law in contractor's language McGraw-Hill Companies Sykes, J. (2016). Claims and disputes in construction. Construction Law Journal, 12(1), 3-13 Uff, J., Odams, A. M. (Eds.) (2015) Risk, management and procurement in construction Centre of Construction Law and Management Uff, J. (2015) Construction law (pp. 63-76) London: Sweet Maxwell.

HUM Flashcard

HUM Hum Flashcard Hum

buy custom Catholics and Protestants Conflicts essay

buy custom Catholics and Protestants Conflicts essay Christian on Christian violence was evidence of the hypocrisy in the Christian society. The concern of Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice was the Christian and state intolerance on religion. That is the Catholics Protestant Problem which he brings out gradually in the plot but in a hidden way to avoid government censorship and persecution because the State and the Church we cordially the same. He highlights the conversion of Shylock to Christianity but Coonradt give a different view on this issue. It was rare to find conversion to Christianity from Jews. "Coerced conversions were virtually unheard of in the various narratives circulating about Jews in sixteenth-century England" (Shapiro, 1996). Coonradt quotes from Shapiros works. Therefore it could not be addressing the Anti-Semitism sentiments but the problems of the Catholics and the Protestants. These are view that it was the conversion into Protestantism from Catholicism and from protestant to Catholicism. Shylocks conversion was supposed to show the Christian mercies but indeed it was representative of the English law forcing Catholics to the Protestant front and as the Catholics would reverse the practice leading to the evidence of the Christian Catholic tussle (Coonradt, 2007). Shakespeare never knew any Jews and The Merchant of Venice was written in a time when the Jews had been banished from England for over 300 years (Laster, 2010). The many examples we have seen from the essay suggest that look beyond the surface when approaching Shakespeares work, quite literally, the play's very appearance deceives us unless we venture to read "otherwise." Quoting Hamiltons idea to give closer scrutiny to the play, where her looks at the play from the usual terms as it contemplates with the Jewish Question but she gives in to the idea of Shylocks conversion to be real. If we critically study The Merchant of Venice we may see that Shakespeare tries to test our perception in a different way when we read otherwise. At the tie of writing the play it is clear Shakespeare never had the Jewish sentiments in Mind but just the cocooning of the idea in the play was important for his survivl (Laster, 2010).. So justification of the point of conversion to be for real should be in the context of Protestant to catholic and catholic to protestant since there were very few Jews in England at that time and they lived there secretly (Laster, 2010). Using this quote; "Where men enforcd do speak anything" (3.2.32). We analyze the idea of the way the issue of conversion is used as a ploy and again the reader or viewer may be deceived by the appearances on the surface where the surface being the image of Judaism in the play. It may be a possibility that Shakespeare uses deception in the entire play, presenting it as a Jewish play, an anti-Semitic play when it really is not here we are left to wonder if the conversion of Shylock is true or just by the surface we see and the words he spoke to allege acceptance. The viewer is left to wonder if he would practice his own Jewish secretly. This is because the choice of Christianity is done for him by the Elizabethans (Coonradt, 2007). "Uncanny causality" is portrayed by the anti-Semitism sentiments in the play which are just a shadow of the real concerns of the play. Using this no person could tell whether Shakespeare was a devoted Catholic, a Protestant convert, or a Jew but he effectively portrays the extent of the bloody battles waged between Protestants and Catholics in the name of Christ, in the name of justice, and in the name of love and how destructive they were. Shakespeares subversive use of anti-Semitism as a veil of conveying an ironic message about the moral decadence of religion and the hatred and the hypocrisy of Christian love and "mercy" as he saw it being practiced in England(Coonradt, 2007). In England there were very stringent rules that suppressed freedom of speech and there was danger of treason by any Citizen and not forgetting the Authors of different works. This called for veiling any political utterances both on stage in England and outside England at that time (Kottmann, 2007). This was a way of escaping government censorship. Viewers and readers should not let the play's obvious anti-Jewish sentiment cloud our reading of the drama because we can see this as a cover and part of the hidden message that can not be addressed openly in the volatile political atmosphere of Early Modern England. William Shakespeare uses these anti-Jewish sentiments that Shakespeare knew fully well that they would pass the scrutiny of the "government censor no one had a problem with maligning Jews, what was described by Shylock as "the badge of all Jewish tribe" 1.3.109 by Shakespeare. This enables him to comment indirectly about the Catholic- Protestant crisis without being censored an d he was not taken to be against the Government of the day and its religious acts (Asquith, 2005). The author also notes that many poets and playwrights had to bow out of writing after immense presser from the Government and many of them of them might have undergone some form of government pressure such as interrogation by the Privy Council to imprisonment, exile, even death and this explains why they receded in the years 1549-1667 and 1552-1663 which are regarded to have experienced high levels of unrest as a result of religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants and in this periods "treason" proved damning thus no one could risk. This is also evidence that the book The Merchant of Venice highlighted issues to do with the rift between the Catholics and Protestants(Coonradt, 2007). In my clear understanding of the play and clear analysis by Coonradt, I strongly believe that the plays sentiments were greatly based on the issues of the moment in England. The problems in England as a result of the problems between the Catholics and Protestants were much more evident than the Jewish question. Thus I would say Shakespeare used the deception on the issue Anti-Semitic issues to be able to convey to the audience the more sensitive issues of the time; the Catholic- Protestant Problem. This criticism has been more persuasive (Sparknotes, 2010). The works of William Shakespeare are mostly engulfed with ambiguous points of analysis and it is always for the interest of the author depending on the time of the publication of the work and also it serves the purpose of literature since it gives a chance for a book to address different issues in the society Buy custom Catholics and Protestants Conflicts essay

Lack of democracy in the 3rd world Research Paper

Lack of democracy in the 3rd world - Research Paper Example The paper will also provide information about third world countries that are claiming for a democratic system by conducting free elections but still authoritarian tendencies and political violence persists. An audit of the main components of a democratic system will also be part of this report. We take a gander at human rights, the arrangement of government and common society noting in specific the dynamic evolving nature of these elements. The report puts light on the reasons of the failure of the democratic system in third world countries. The interrelationship between democracy, legislation and development is discussed about next. Legislation is seen as a subset of the democratization process. Great legislation helps development and advertises democratic system. Here we also address the factors that could contribute to the sustainability of democratic system as well as will also discuss major development issues caused by the dictatorship. It will also provide an insight to the reasons for which democracy has failed or succeeded in different countries, however, it is not possible to narrate the whole story. At the end of the report a conclusion will be added to support all the findings regarding the lack of democracy and dictatorship in the third world. The democratic government is an institutional arrangement that permits participation through the elections or electoral process. The democracy is focused around two standards: political participation and political contestation (Dahl 1998). Political participation obliges that all the individuals who are qualified to vote can vote freely. Electoral processes must be free, reasonable, and focused. When the votes have been cast and the winner reported, power must be calmly exchanged starting with one individual then onto the next. These criteria are to be reproduced on a regional, state, and national level. Contestation alludes to the capability of individuals to

Week 7 didcussion 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 7 didcussion 1 - Essay Example The lower level sexual offenders register for short periods, while more violent sexual assault offenders register for life. Many states have stiffened the punishments regarding sexual offenses, where some have attempted evaluating the death penalty for particular sexual assaults. Enforcement and convictions might be improved through capacity of the DNA analysis within the public crimes laboratories. Provide finances to local and state crime labs to help eradicate casework backlogs. The funding should abolish the database of the convicted offender and initiate aggressive programs to amass exhibits from the convicted offenders. Failure to comply with the requirements of registration should result in the filing of new charges. The sexual battery or sexual assault information should be posted online to enhance publicity (Buzawa, 2002, p. 78). The use of sexually explicit materials such as films, photographs, computer, videos, and other visual depictions is sexual abuse, which can cause psychological or physical harm to the minors involved. Besides shielding individual minors, regulating the child pornography, which gets produced by self, helps the state and congress to regulate child pornography to protect society and children (Zhang, 2010, p. 257). The fact is that, sexting of minors via any form of pornographic images affect all children deleteriously through a perception that children are sex objects. This can lead to further sexual exploitation and abuse of children. Sexting of minors generates an unwholesome atmosphere. The mental, emotional, and psychological development of children gets affected, thus destabilizes the parent’s efforts to encourage the sound, emotional, moral, and mental development of

What is the value of play to promoting children's all round learning Essay

What is the value of play to promoting children's all round learning and development - Essay Example Playing involves a great deal of things. It could be playing with fellow children, playing with toys, a child playing by themselves and or playing with adults like a parent or teacher. Playing is done a lot when a person is young and the games played go with stages i.e. as the child grows older the type of play changes with each stage that the child is growing, these stages of playing expose a child to new possibilities and experiences. Since Child play is a universal subject, many scholars have addressed the issue of play and have developed theories on the subject. Pioneers in childhood and also modern day scholars have also widely discussed the subject and reiterated on its importance in learning and development. Governments have also made sure that play has been incorporated in the school curriculum. It will also be important to look at how the international perspective on child play has influenced various legislations to be incorporated into the education curriculum. It will also be important to look at the very crucial role that adults play (Burton 2002). In recent years people have become busy and operating on tighter schedules. Children have not been spared and more academic expectations are being demanded from them. It is for this case that play has been included in the curriculum to provide children with an outlet. Play is an extra curricular activity that helps learners, especially young children, to release stress and anxiety that comes from a society that is currently demanding too much from them. Apart from this, play helps mostly in the development of a child both mentally and physically and also in many ways that help that child to learn. In development, play helps a child to become physically strong or fit, up until the child is able to crawl, playing ensures that the child develops a strong physique. It also acts as a form of much required exercises, games like running

Understand Different Approaches To Management And Leadership Commerce Essay

Understand Different Approaches To Management And Leadership Commerce Essay steve Ballmer, Microsoft.   Without a doubt, Mr. Ballmer is the worst CEO of a large publicly traded American company today.   Not only has he singlehandedly steered Microsoft out of some of the fastest growing and most lucrative tech markets (mobile music, handsets and tablets) but in the process he has sacrificed the growth and profits of not only his company but ecosystem companies such as Dell, Hewlett Packard and even Nokia.   The reach of his bad leadership has extended far beyond Microsoft when it comes to destroying shareholder value and jobs. Microsoft peaked at $60/share in 2000, just as Mr. Ballmer took the reins.   By 2002 it had fallen into the $20s, and has only rarely made it back to its current low $30s value.   And no wonder, since execution of new rollouts were constantly delayed, and ended up with products so lacking in any enhanced value that they left customers scrambling to find ways to avoid upgrades.   By Mr. Ballmers own admission Vista had over 200 man-years too much cost, and its launch, years late, met users avoiding upgrades.   Windows 7 and Office 2010 did nothing to excite tech users, in corporations or at home, as Apple took the leadership position in personal technology. So today Microsoft, after dumping Zune, dumping its tablet, dumping Windows CE and other mobile products, is still the same company Mr. Ballmer took control over a decade ago.   Microsoft is   PC company, nothing more, as demand for PCs shifts to mobile.   Years late to market, he has bet the company on Windows 8 as well as the future of Dell, HP, Nokia and others.   An insane bet for any CEO and one that would have been avoided entirely had the Microsoft Board replaced Mr. Ballmer years ago with a CEO that understands the fast pace of technology shifts and would have kept Microsoft current with market trends. Although hes #19 on Forbes list of billionaires, Mr. Ballmer should not be allowed to take such incredible risks with investor money and employee jobs.   Best he be retired to enjoy his fortune rather than deprive investors and employees of building theirs. There were a lot of notable CEO departures in 2012.   Research in Motion, Best Buy and American Airlines are just three examples.   But the 5 CEOs in this column are well on the way to leading their companies into the kind of problems those 3 have already discovered.   Hopefully the Boards will start to pay closer attention, and take action before things worsen. Some say that Steve Sinofsky, credited with bringing order to the sometimes-chaotic software development process at Microsoft partly by cutting layers of management, should be the man to replace Steve Ballmer. Meetings with Sinofsky can be tough, colleagues say, but he doesnt swear like Gates or scream like Ballmer. Sinofsky has blogged at length about his management ideas, and even taught a management class at Harvard Business School. Some of his best blogs were used as the basis for a book called One Strategy: Organization, Planning, and Decision Making, published by Wiley in 2010, which he co-authored with a Harvard academic. Sinofsky writes in his blog about cutting the number of managers between him and the lowest rung of the Windows unit to three or four from seven previously. This streamlining, along with rigorous planning, has become his signature at Microsoft, but has ruffled some feathers at the company because it has reduced the number of general manager positions, where people got to use a wide variety of skills, and focused instead on the core functions of making software: developing, testing and managing specific programs. But few dispute the results. For sure it flattens the organization, it definitely eliminates fiefdoms, said the former Windows executive. Bill Gates had the most amazing mind Ive ever encountered. You could show him a PowerPoint slide and he would ask why it was different from the one you showed him three years ago, said another former Microsoft executive. Steve Ballmer is the most intuitively mathematical person Ive ever worked with. Steve (Sinofsky) is neither of those things. Sources: http://www.forbes.com/sites/adamhartung/2012/05/12/oops-5-ceos-that-should-have-already-been-fired-cisco-ge-walmart-sears-microsoft/3/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/46556568/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets/t/microsofts-next-steve-windows-boss-faces-biggest-test/#.UAVLf_Wqnm4 Role An executive in the committee tasked to adviseMicrosoft CEO Steve Ballmer has just assigned you to conduct an investigation into how a sample of organisations, including Microsoft and one other company of your choosing, approach the management of their activities. Your analysis will extend into an examination of organisation structure and culture, as well as management style. Tasks: Using the facts of the company presented in the case above and that of another company of your choosing, compare and contrast different organisational structures and cultures (1.1) Explain how the relationship between an organisations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business (1.2) Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work (1.3) Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organisations (2.1) Explain how organisational theory is the foundation for the practice of management (2.2) Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisation (2.3) GRADING Pass is achieved by meeting all the requirements defined in the assessment criteria. Merit Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions (M1) Characteristics / Possible Evidence Use of comparative chart that is sufficiently detailed to show that an effective approach to study and research has been applied to both organizations. Select and apply appropriate methods/techniques (M2) Characteristics / Possible Evidence Appropriate methods have been applied in organizational structure, culture and approaches to management related to given organizations as well as sources are justified. Distinction Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions (D1) Characteristics / Possible Evidence creativity has been used to generate and justify valid comments on approaches to management and styles of leadership. Take responsibility for managing and organizing activities (D2) Characteristics / Possible Evidence independence demonstrated and substantial activities have been planned, managed, and organised related to the practice of management and leadership. A REPORT ON MICROSOFT AND FEDEXS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES AND CULTURES Prepared for: Mr. John Andre (Lecturer) Organizations and Behavior Banking Academy, Hanoi BTEC HND in Business (Finance) Prepared by: TRAN MAI TRANG AMY Registration No.: ITP F05-229 (F05A) Submit Day: 21st November, 2012 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION The assignment is about six outcomes of Organizations and Behavior subject. The scenario company is Microsoft, founded in 1975, which is the worldwide leader in software, services and solutions that help people and businesses realize their full potential (Microsoft, n.d.).The other company to compare with Microsoft is Federal Express Corporation (FedEx Express), the largest company in providing a portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services under the FedEx brand. FedEx Express is an express transportation company, offering time-certain delivery within one to three business days and serving markets. FedEx Ground Package System, Inc. (FedEx Ground) is a provider of small-package ground delivery service. FedEx Freight Inc (FedEx Freight) is a provider of less-than-truckload (LTL) freight services. FedEx Corporate Services, Inc. (FedEx Services) provides the Companys other companies with sales, marketing, information technology, communications and back-office support (Fe dEx, n.d.). This assignment is going to explain and compare the organizational structures, cultures, leadership styles and performance of these two companies to find out about the organizational theories that underpin the practice of management. 1.1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culture 1.1.1 Microsofts structure and culture Microsofts Organizational Chart (The Official Board, 2012) According to the chart above, Microsoft has a flat structure. We can see that Microsoft has five product groups are Windows Live Windows Group, Server Software, Online Services, Microsoft Business and Entertainment and Devices. Each product group, which focuses on a specific line of goods and services, has one executive reports directly to the CEO. Each group has its own RD, sales, and customer service staff (Daft, 2009). This structure allows larger spans of control. Microsoft also has a matrix structure which works alongside the flat structure. The  matrix structure is a structure where project teams are made up of workers with various specialisms from different functions of a business (BPP, 2004). The legal structure of Microsoft is Limited Liability Company because the company went public on March 13, 1986 (Time, n.d.). Microsoft has a task culture because it is a huge company with 94,420 employees around the world, just 56,934 in USA only (Microsoft, n.d.). It is impossible to manage a firm of that huge amount of workers with a person culture or a power culture. A two-time award-winning journalist Kurt Eichenwald described Microsofts work culture as the cannibalistic culture; a management system known as stack-ranking a program that forces every unit to declare a certain percentage of employees as top performers, good performers, average, and poor effectively crippled Microsofts ability to innovate, leading employees to compete with each other rather than competing with other companies (Vanity Fair, 2012). 1.1.2 FedExs structure and culture FedExs Organizational Chart (The Official Board, 2012) FedEx Corporation FedEx, introduced express delivery to the world in 1973, and is the worlds top express delivery service. The organizational structure of FedEx is flat. According to Organizational Behavior A Strategic Approach, FedEx Corporation should change their structure, because it adopted a multi-divisional structure (Hitt, Miller Colella, 2005). The corporation gives significant authorities to the subsidiaries. Operating independently, each subsidiary manages its own specialized network of services. FedEx employed over 280,000 employees worldwide (FedEx, n.d.), so obviously they have a task culture. The culture of FedEx is also market driven culture. All they care about is the customers; their culture center on the customer. They possess a strong customer-service organizational culture (McNeal, 2011). In short, both Microsoft and FedEx Corp. have a new style of management which is flat structure and task culture. However, FedEx is flatter than Microsoft in organizational structure. To look deeper, we can see differences in their culture as one cares about money, the other one cares about the customer. 1.2 Explain how the relationship between an organizations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business 1.2.1 Microsoft Microsoft has a flat organizational structure and a task culture which is consider the new method of management. It is believed to be the right way to manage a company. This seems to works well when Microsofts 2011 revenue reached $69 billion (Microsoft, 2011). They make a very huge amount of money. The flat structure creates a lower hierarchy of power in Microsoft. It also allows CEOs direct involvement to make decision process quicker and less time consuming. Microsoft was topped ranking of the worlds 25 best multinational workplaces released by The Great Place to Work Institute (Industry Week, 2011). It is noticeable that employees satisfy their working environment in Microsoft. However, the stack ranking program can kill Microsofts creativity. The destructive management technique can be seen the key problem in Microsoft its management system (Frederick Allen, 2012). It can lead to risk of losing big amount of money. 1.2.2 FedEx FedEx increased revenue 12% in the February-to-May quarter and 13% in the fiscal year that ended May 31, reporting total annual revenue of $39.3 billion (William Cassidy, 2011). It is a large amount of money. The culture of FedEx influences its employees to work more effectively. It encourages them not only work hard but also work smart. FedExs managers also make right decisions, catching up with market trends and changing business needs. 1.3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work The factors which influence individual behavior at work are: personality, perception, attitude, ability and aptitude, conflict, stress, and change. For the people of Microsoft, their personality is highly competitive. As discussed above, it is obviously that Microsoft has the culture of competition so the people who are working in a competitive culture will become competitive. If they are not yet competitive, the culture will itself make them competitive. Because they are competitive, they know how to get the money from customers and they will do it so well. Microsoft had always been characterized by a culture that was extremely competitive. When the company introduced new products then rocketing sales, the people responsible for the products did not meet to celebrate. Instead, they found what could have been done better instantly. Therefore, the company had always been a leading competitor, and Gates often sent out memos to remind employees about the competitive threats ahead. Gates truly drove a culture of innovation and vision (Microsoft People Problems, 2003). Thus, people were promoted to strive for the highest standards. However, when Gates left, Steve Ballmer has been a new CEO. Steve has been driving a culture of production rather than innovation (Kurt Eichenwald, 2012). For example, two ex-employees reviewd on Glassdor (Glassdoor is a website that collects information about workplaces and companies) that stack ranking made Microsoft be a less desirable place to work and higher stress workplace (Julie Bort, 2012). One more thing is that, Microsoft has discrimination between black and white workers of the corporation. In 2001, a group of current and former employees accused Microsoft of racism. The seven African American people required $5 billion in compensation, claiming they were paid less than their fellow employees and repeatedly passed over for promotions given to less-qualified white workers. The workers also claimed to have been subjected to racial harassment and retaliation when they complained. According to Willie Gary, who is a lawyer, pointed to 1999, government statistics that showed only 2.6% of Microsofts 21,429 employees, and only 1.6% of the companys 5,155 managers, were black (BBC, 2001). 2.1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership style in different organizations 2.1.1 Microsoft Bill Gatess leadership styles are participative style and authoritative style. The reason is that, Gates involved his subordinates in decision making so they were good at delegating. He is a flexible person and he recognized his role was to be visionary of the company. Whenever needed, he brought professional managers for managing. Gates is a strong and energizing person. His enthusiasm, hard working nature and judgment skills reflect his personality. His motivating power and involving his friends to working with him became the success of Microsoft (Dip Kumar Dey,n.d.). Besides, Gates paid special attention to recruit and retain the best talent. He believed that the recruitment of talented software engineers was one of the most critical elements in the software industry. Gates looked for recruits who included the capacity to grasp new knowledge quickly and deep familiarity with programming structures. Despite a great number of potential recruits applied for jobs at Microsoft, Gates a ssumed that the best talent would never apply directly. Consequently, Microsofts HR managers had to hunt for the best talent and offer them a job. Giving autonomy to his managers, Gates delegated authorities to managers to run their independent departments. Gates involved a little in autocratic style, because control is basic to his nature and his management practice. He had an obsession with detail and with checking up. He tried to monopolize the World Wide Web software market and had legal problems with the department of justice. Also he did not like complaints (Dhananjay Kumar, n.d.). Microsoft used these styles of leadership very well as the company has great performance with net income of $14.569 billion (2009). 2.1.2 FedEx FedEx has a complex leadership style. The leadership style is combined between affiliative style, participative style and democratic style. Because FedEx has a flat structure; the managers give their subordinates authorities so they are good at delegating. Also, to be able to give subordinates authorities, they must trust their workers. Workers at FedEx are smart people so they do not want to be told what and how to do things. FedEx Corp. under the guidance of CEO Fred Smith has been named the Top  Corporation of the Decade by Fortune magazine (Dumain, 2004). Smith  was determined to make employees an integral part of the decision-making  process, due to his belief that when people are placed first they will provide the highest possible service and profits will follow (FedEx, n.d.). Microsoft and FedEx have different leadership styles so they apply it differently to create different working environment for their workers. However, they both earn a huge amount of profit and manage their company so well. FedEx seems to have the right way to apply its leadership style on its employees than Microsoft. 2.2 Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management 2.2.1 Theory X and Y It can be easily seen that Microsoft and FedEx use the Y theory. Because both companies care about how their employees feel. Furthermore, workers at Microsoft and FedEx are smart people so they do not want to be told things. Workers at Microsoft and FedEx are very ambitious, passionate and committed to their work. Because the work load at Microsoft is very pressure but there are still many people wish to work at Microsoft. Because the salary they pay is high, $87,965 for normal employees and much higher for managers, engineers or directors. They all have a regular salary over $100,000 each person (Salary List, 2011). Theory Y is about trust. Both Microsoft and FedEx have flat structure; authorities are given through the chain. Therefore, they must trust the workers. It creates not only the trust of managers in workers, but also the trust of workers in managers. This theory helps to build a strong relationship among workers and managers and then it leads to a strong organization. It i s obviously that Microsoft and FedEx are both strong in structure, culture and financial. 2.2.2 Scientific management FedEx doesnt apply this theory in its management. Because based on the theory, the application of this approach was to break each job down into its smallest and simplest component parts or motions (BPP, 2004). Although the theory improves productivity, it creates de-humanity in the organization. Moreover, everyone at FedEx is smart and talented. Therefore, it is wastes to hire smart people to tell them just do the same job day by day. Scientific management doesnt work in an organization that needs innovation and ideas like FedEx. 2.2.3 Bureaucracy Under the dominated decade of CEO Steve Ballmer, Microsoft applied this theory in its management. For this reason, Microsoft was complained that toxic environment and bad managers for anyone who want to join the corporation. Current and former employees in Microsoft were affected seriously by bureaucracy and management of the company for years (Matt Rosoff, 2011). According an article, employees in Microsoft were more concerned with impressing bosses than creating things (Rebecca Greenfield, 2012). They have no incentive to innovate. Nothing has changed at all since the departure of former CEO Bill Gates. It seems to be Steve Ballmer applied an inefficient management system. All things have not worked out. 2.3 Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations 2.3.1 Human relation approach Both Microsoft and FedEx use this management approach to manage their organization. As analyzed above, Microsoft cares about its employees in a wrong way. Steve Ballmer applied a management system which damage peoples creativity, making them to be bored with their work. Now the dominant tech company belongs to Apple. For FedEx, they care about their employees in a different way. They give employees passion and convenient facilities that allows workers to be more develop. Both Microsoft and FedEx know that how workers feel affects how well they work. However, this method is about what workers think, doesnt matter how the leader thinks about the workers. It is matter that the leader can create an image in the workers mind that they are what the leader wants them to believe they are. 2.3.2 The contingency approach It all depends is what we can define this theory. Managers of both Microsoft and FedEx have find out what is the suitable way to manage, not to find out what is the one right way to manage. This is considered the new management way. Microsoft and FedEx are the new organizations: everything is international, everything is new, everything is faster and everything is turbulent (BPP, 2004). This managing method fits these two organizations because organizations change all the time. This method worked very well for FedEx as the leader of FedEx lead the company through the economic crisis in 2008 to survive (The New York Times, 2012) In total, contingency approach is the correct choice for their management. CONCLUSION How an organization achieves its goals and become successful is the managers and leaders concern. Therefore, leaders and managers should build good relationship with their subordinates as well as good organizational structure, culture and good leadership style.

Physics :: essays research papers

Electricity has three features that include current, voltage and resistance. Current is the flow of electrons round a circuit that is measured by the ammeter in amps (A). Whilst the voltage, refer to as potential difference, is the driving force that circulates the current around the circuit that acts like an electrical pressure. The unit of measurement for this is Volts (V), which is measured by a voltmeter. Resistance is a force that slows down the current; consequently it slows down the flow of current. This is measured in Ohms (W). Between the voltage and resistance there is equilibrium, where the voltage impels the current, whereas the resistance is opposing this electrical pressure. The relative sizes of the voltage and resistance decide how big the current will be. Increasing the voltage allows more current to flow, whilst increasing the resistance would decrease the amount of current flowing round the circuit. Discovered by George Ohm in 1826, the current is in direct relative amounts to the potential difference. If the temperature is kept constant as well as other conditions, Ohms law is obeyed. The graph on the side illustrates the current through a resistor is proportional to the voltage. V=IR gives the formula for Ohms law. In order for current to flow it requires electrons to carry the electric current. The electrons are the negative charge that can freely move about. Within metals there are a sea of electrons that can carry the electric current, which is reason why they conduct so well and are used for many purposes, such as wires. Factors During the investigation there will be many factors that will affect the resistance in a wire. These factors include:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Length of wire – If the wire length increases, the distance for the electrons to pass through would take a longer period of time since the electrons collide more with atoms of the wire. As a result there is an increase in resistance as the number of collisions cause the electrons to flow slowly, which justifies the term for resistance. Conversely if the length of the wire is shortened, the time taken for electrons to travel is reduced given that there are not as many electrons colliding with atoms. As results there are a small number of collisions, hence reduces the resistance.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thickness of wire - A wider breadth of the wire causes atoms within the wire to expand a small distance between each other.

Attendance and Daily Time Record System

Today, magnetic swipes are mostly used by many establishments and organizations to provide both security and convenience. Hotels use these as a replacement for the key system. Schools, specially the universities and college campuses also use these in the form of ID swipe system. (Ramsbrock, D. and Moskovchenko S. , 2011, p. 4) Researchers tested University of Maryland's Lenel System where the ID's of the students include their Social Security Number. The ID information can be used by the outsider for identity theft. Copying of these existing cards can be done without the help of electronics expertise. The internet provides the sale of commercial card reader and writer and can be used to create a duplicate of these ID cards. A more complicated but still basic attack on the ID is creating a card from a certain two information without actually having an access to the card. These information has been disclosed by the author due to security purposes. (Ramsbrock, D. and Moskovchenko S. , 2011, p. 4) Boarding School Student Systems (E-ID) Using Radio Frequency Identification RFID or Radio Frequency Identification does not require a person to do a manual scanning, but it uses radio waves to identify man, animals, or other materials plugged with RFID tag. This method compared with the manual ID scanning reduces man power and time to input data. RFID system is mostly made up of three components: An antenna or a coil, a tranceiver or a decoder, and an RFID tag which is very tiny and can be placed inside a human body for data storage and retrieving purposes. (Abdul Kahir H. , et al. 2009) RFID Matrix Card System was tested by researchers and proven efficient and handy. Students coming in and out the establishment can be monitored. Any individual without an RFID will trigger an alarm and the management can pull the students' information on the computer from their ID cards. (Abdul Kahir H. , et al. , 2009) Sampling in statistics, and survey methodology in selecting a subset, or a subgro up of individual within statistical population, to estimate characteristic of the whole population. Advantages of sampling are lower cost, faster data collection and a smaller data set improves accuracy and quality of data. Sampling involves several key stages defining the population concerned, specifying a sampling frame, specifying a sampling method, determining sample size, implementing the sampling plan and sampling with data gathering. The researchers chose to use non-probability sampling method (Arboleda, C. Writing a Thesis Proposal First Edition. 1998), specifically the incidental or accidental. The researchers first decided on the sample size by consulting with different school professors and with a thesis lecturer. After the consultations, the researchers decided to collect 100 surveys, as advised by the consultants. The researchers then proceeded to conduct the survey by handling out the surveys to the first 100 students who were more likely to return and re-enroll, were given more significance by the researchers as advised by those who were consulted. The researchers chose this sample method for three reasons. First, they had limited time, budget and workforce. Second, it was highly suggested by those consulted by the researchers. Third, it made statistical compilations easier by setting the size at 100. To maintain the quality and effectiveness of this survey research, the researchers chooses to have at least 100 samples. This survey evaluates the effectiveness and the impact to the student and faculties.