The nuclear family is disintegrating

IntroductionThe nuclear family has been described as an artificial construct of the nuclear age by some people. These people give more credit to the more traditional extended family. (Uzoka, 1979) However, in the present age, all the talks about family disintegration are directed to the nuclear family. The term nuclear family was instituted in the western world for the purposes of distinguishing the various family groups that are in existence. (Gottlieb, 1993)   There is a family group which consists of children and their parents that is, father, mother and children. This is what is referred to as the nuclear family. Then there is a different family structure composed of father, mother, children and relatives. This kind of a family structure is referred to as the extended family. (Bernardes, 1999)Nuclear family structures are not so new. They have been present since time immemorial even though the structures did not have a definite name. The term Nuclear family was coined in 1947 a ccording to Merriam-Webster. Webster suggested that the term must have come up due to the ever changing nature of the industrial age. He thought that the evolution of the name was coincidental and that it did not come as a result of the nuclear age. Is the Nuclear family an artificial construct which has no benefit to an individual?   Originally, the nuclear family was referred to as the immediate family. (Uzoka, 1979)According to research carried out, the term nuclear was coined from ‘nucleus’ which has been known to serve as theoretical root word meaning a centre of a large structure. It has also been said that historically, the nuclear family did not have the dominance that it has been accorded in the nuclear age. Post WWII environment has been implicated for enhancing the dominance of the nuclear family by shifting the family structure. It is important to carry out a study of how sociological factors have played a role in the disintegration of the nuclear family. (Chester, 1986)Disintegration of the Nuclear familyA lot of people have been affected by the breakdown of the nuclear family structure. This issue has made many people upset as it has been a source of problems and destructions to majority of people in the nuclear age. The nuclear family is the smallest possible unit that is considered before any breakdown in a family structured is considered. (Uzoka, 1979).   The nuclear family is not something artificial and it should be considered as anyone’s most vital and first social group. The nuclear family is a natural structure found in any social group whether big or small. (Gottlieb, 1993)An American anthropologist G.P. Murdock was the first sociologist to attest the Nuclear family as a social structure in 1949. (Murdock, 1949). According to many sociologists, the family nucleus found in the new transitory nature of American Society in the 1940s was described as a grounding unit that could easily be picked up and transplanted. Nu clear family disintegration has not only affected the American society, this issue has had a huge blow on most countries in the world.Sociological pressures have been implicated to play a major role in the disintegration. A lot of people try to diminish the anguish that comes as a result of disintegration in the nuclear family by instigating that this structure replaced the disintegrated extended family. The only cause of concern is whether the structure which will replace the nuclear family will be better or worse than it. (Taylor, 1997). Therefore, the contemporary society should be prepared of the sociological effects that the new family unit will bring with it. (Chester, 1986)Sociological Theories on Nuclear family disintegrationThe nuclear family has deeply been analyzed since the early nineteenth century with respect to various disciplines which include: Psychiatry, Cultural, Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology. Family Sociology can be attributed to have played a huge role in carrying out studies on family change since the twentieth Century. Parsons’ theory had the most influential power on the family structure at the time. (Parsons, 1955). There are various theories that have been put forward to explain disintegration in the nuclear family and emphasize on the adaptive elements that the family structure has to undergo. Many Western sociologist interchange the term ‘family’ with ‘nuclear family’. (Gottlieb, 1993)The disintegration of the nuclear family has led to the emergence of one-parent families which include: widowed, adoptive, divorced, unmarried people and also same sex families. Because these groups sought to be recognized as a family unit, a sociologist known as Popenoe in 1988 revised the definition of a family to incorporate the groups. He played a part in influencing a debate on the definition of a family. He suggested that a family should also describe:Any group consisting of one adult and one dependent pe rson People married who are of the same sex. A couple which is not married. (Solly, 2006)The definition of a nuclear family has to include its functions as a social institution. (Taylor, 1997).   According to Murdock, the functions of this social institution include: economic, reproductive, sexual and educational. With the new science of sociology, analysis of the disintegration of the nuclear family became possible. Auguste Comte who was thought by many to be the father of sociology thought disintegration of the nuclear family came as result of French revolution. (Murdock, 1949).Auguste attributes the rejection of aristocratic and hierarchical relations between the common people and the aristocracy as the main cause of family dysfunctions. His theory of attributing social changes to nuclear family disintegration and crisis has become a major subject in family sociology. Frederic Le Play who was the founder of empirical family sociology perceived the breakdown of the nuclear famil y as a result of industrial revolution. His sociological theory describes the stem family as being stronger than the Nuclear family which was separated from stem family and suffer red both physically and financially. He concluded by saying that the nuclear family is very unstable and that its disintegration was inevitable. (Taylor, 1997).According to Popenoe, the breakdown of the nuclear family could have been caused by Promiscuity in the society which made paternity issues difficult to establish. However, other sociologists like Howard and Westermarck found no clear evidence of promiscuity in early families. Marx and Engels influenced a major family theory in the nineteenth century. Marxist theory uses the economic determinism concept to explain how social power is determined by the available economic resources which influences the different kinds of struggle present in the various classes of people. (Parsons, 1955).The patriarchal family which had the father as having the right to private property and authority overshadowed the matriarchal system. The dissolution of capitalistic system led to the liberation of women which saw to it that they also had the ability to acquire and possess wealth. The result was the formation of strong feminist theories regarding gender differences in power that has contributed to the many divorces in the society. Women now have the ability to take care of their own children without the presence of a male figure in the house. This has largely contributed to disintegration of the nuclear family.  Sociological factors are thought to have been the cause of nuclear family disintegrations in Western countries like Canada, Northern Europe and United States. (Solly, 2006)The interactionist theory developed by Ralph Linton focuses on the interactions that occur between family members. Any nuclear family can be studied as a unit of interacting personalities. In the course of carrying out research on the interaction theory, the power in family roles was also studied. This theory explains that the disintegration of the nuclear family could have resulted from bad interactions within the family. For instance, a husband could exercise too much power in the family likely to send his wife away. (Taylor, 1997).A lot of controversy has resulted due to industrialization with women fighting for change of roles within a family setting. Although this move on the part of the women seems to be right, it has been established that single-parent families are not the best. Juvenile delinquency has risen due to the disintegrations in the nuclear family. The absence of the father figure and the ability to spend less time at home, transform children into delinquents. Industrialization has also led to many people dying due to accidents on roads, and places of work. This has increased the number of widowed people hence the nuclear family disintegration. (Patrick, 1995)The Social Darwin’s evolutionary theory has been applied to the family setting. The theory talks about the adaptation of organisms into their natural environments. The family has been compared to an organism which has to adapt to its natural environment if it is to survive from breaking up. Using this theory, Henry Morgan tried to explain the evolutionary development of family through six stages. The first one being the matriarchal stage characterized by promiscuity while the last being the monogamous family.The nuclear family has not been able to adapt to the increased industrialization, civilization and urbanization. There are many challenges that the nuclear family is frequently exposed to. For instance, industrialization and civilization have influenced the roles played by parents in the nuclear family. As a result, disputes have occurred leading to the disintegration of the nuclear family. (Eby, 1995)Morgan in trying to fathom this theory decided that since evolution results in higher development of species, then environmental and social e volution could result in higher development of the family. Extended family evolved to form nuclear family and it is hoped that evolution will lead to the disintegration and evolution of the nuclear family to come up with a unit that will be able to adapt to the current environment. Civilized nations such as North America and Europe have recorded the highest nuclear family disintegrations due to the extensive industrialization present in the nations.Studies reveal that nations considered to be ‘primitive’ such as Africa, have most of their nuclear families still intact. Spencer, who is Pro- Social Darwinism, has attempted to explain the evolution of the family from simple to complex forms. However his explanations were not in line with Engels, Marx and Le Play family sociologists who described the family to be evolving from more complex forms such as the extended family to simpler forms like the nuclear family. If the theory holds, then it is expected that the nuclear fa mily will further disintegrate and evolve into a simpler form. (Betty, 1973)  Structural-functionalism concept was put across by Spencer in trying to explain family theory of change. This theory or concept was further supported by Durkheim and it was seen to form a basis of Parsons’ theory of family change.This theory attributed the changes in the family structure to be as a result of changes in the society. The family was seen as a part of a greater whole which established equilibrium when it was properly combined to other relevant units. When a change occurred in one of the units, then it was transferred to the other parts. It was then decided that changes in the society could have a greater impact on the family as compared to the biological and economic factors in the Social Darwinism and Marxist theory.Durkheim found out that the change in the family structure influenced the relationships between parents and their children. In that the relationship ceases to be based on economic or material needs but on personal motives. In the changing society, women are very liberated that they do not need financial assistance from their partners. The nuclear family is disintegrating and this is shown by the great number of reported divorces and separations in the society. (Betty, 1973)The evolutionary theory was not accepted by many cultural anthropologists as it did not incorporate variations present in many family types due to different cultural contexts in the society. Instead they came up with cultural relativism concept which they thought should be employed in the study of the family evolution. They did not think that it was right to consider other cultures to be more superior or civilized than others. Thy made it clear that each society has unique values and culture which should not be compared with another. This theory was dismissed all together by the end of the nineteenth century.However, the theory popped up again in 1930 in a different form as Ecolog ical Anthropology. This theory emphasized on the relationship that exists between the environment and traits of a particular culture. The nuclear family is rapidly disintegrating due to the changes in the environment in terms of industrialization and urbanization. (Eby, 1995)ConclusionThe nuclear family is the first social group that one has to belong to. Due to the changes and developments that are taking place in the society, the stability of this family structure has been questioned. (Bernardes, 1999)  Industrialization and urbanization have been the reasons behind the emergence of other family structures caused by the breakdown of the nuclear family. There have been many cases of familial dysfunction and disintegration reported in more industrialized nations than in ‘primitive’ nations which prove the social Darwinism theory. (Eby, 1995)   According to Marx, family structures are bound to change from being complex to simple forms. Therefore, it is expected that the nuclear family will further disintegrate to form simple family structures such as single-parent families, divorces, widowers, and single people unmarried people. (Betty, 1973)ReferencesBernardes, J. (1999): We must now define The Family. Marriage and Family Review 28(3/4):21–41.Chester, R. (1986): The Myth of the Disappearing Nuclear Family. In Family Portraits, ed. D., Short Run Press, Ltd.UKGottlieb, B. (1993): The Family in the Western World. New York: Oxford.Murdock, G. P. (1949): Social Structure. New York. Macmillan.Parsons, T. (1955): The American Family. Its Relations to Personality and the Social Structure. In Family Socialization and Interaction Process, ed. Free Press. New YorkUzoka, A. (1979): The Myth of the Nuclear Family. Historical Background and Clinical Implications. American Psychologist 34. Pp1095–1106.Peplau & Taylor, (1997): Sociocultural perspectives in social psychology. Guide to sociocultural resources in social psychology. Melbourne press. New YorkBetty Y. (1973): Extinction. Revised ed. of The Changing Family. Columbia University press. New York  Solly D. (2006): The family on the threshold of the 21st century. Trends and Implications. Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication DataEby, L. (1995): Where's Daddy: Nearly Half the Nation's Children Are Growing Up In Homes Without Fathers. Prentice press. New York.Fagan & Patrick F. (1995): The Real Root Causes of Violent Crimes. The Breakdown of Marriage, Family and Community Cultural Studies Project. The Heritage Foundation. Washington, D.C. No. 1026. The nuclear family is disintegrating The nuclear family has been described as an artificial construct of the nuclear age by some people. These people give more credit to the more traditional extended family. (Uzoka, 1979) However, in the present age, all the talks about family disintegration are directed to the nuclear family. The term nuclear family was instituted in the western world for the purposes of distinguishing the various family groups that are in existence. (Gottlieb, 1993)   There is a family group which consists of children and their parents that is, father, mother and children. This is what is referred to as the nuclear family. Then there is a different family structure composed of father, mother, children and relatives. This kind of a family structure is referred to as the extended family. (Bernardes, 1999)Nuclear family structures are not so new. They have been present since time immemorial even though the structures did not have a definite name. The term Nuclear family was coined in 1947 according to Merriam-Webster. Webster suggested that the term must have come up due to the ever changing nature of the industrial age. He thought that the evolution of the name was coincidental and that it did not come as a result of the nuclear age. Is the Nuclear family an artificial construct which has no benefit to an individual?   Originally, the nuclear family was referred to as the immediate family.(Uzoka, 1979)   According to research carried out, the term nuclear was coined from ‘nucleus’ which has been known to serve as theoretical root word meaning a centre of a large structure. It has also been said that historically, the nuclear family did not have the dominance that it has been accorded in the nuclear age. Post WWII environment has been implicated for enhancing the dominance of the nuclear family by shifting the family structure. It is important to carry out a study of how sociological factors have played a role in the disintegration of the nuclear family. (Chester , 1986)Disintegration of the Nuclear familyA lot of people have been affected by the breakdown of the nuclear family structure. This issue has made many people upset as it has been a source of problems and destructions to majority of people in the nuclear age. The nuclear family is the smallest possible unit that is considered before any breakdown in a family structured is considered. (Uzoka, 1979).   The nuclear family is not something artificial and it should be considered as anyone’s most vital and first social group. The nuclear family is a natural structure found in any social group whether big or small. (Gottlieb, 1993)  An American anthropologist G.P. Murdock was the first sociologist to attest the Nuclear family as a social structure in 1949. (Murdock, 1949). According to many sociologists, the family nucleus found in the new transitory nature of American Society in the 1940s was described as a grounding unit that could easily be picked up and transplanted. Nuclea r family disintegration has not only affected the American society, this issue has had a huge blow on most countries in the world. Sociological pressures have been implicated to play a major role in the disintegration.A lot of people try to diminish the anguish that comes as a result of disintegration in the nuclear family by instigating that this structure replaced the disintegrated extended family. The only cause of concern is whether the structure which will replace the nuclear family will be better or worse than it. (Taylor, 1997). Therefore, the contemporary society should be prepared of the sociological effects that the new family unit will bring with it. (Chester, 1986)Sociological Theories on Nuclear family disintegrationThe nuclear family has deeply been analyzed since the early nineteenth century with respect to various disciplines which include: Psychiatry, Cultural, Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology. Family Sociology can be attributed to have played a huge role in c arrying out studies on family change since the twentieth Century. Parsons’ theory had the most influential power on the family structure at the time. (Parsons, 1955). There are various theories that have been put forward to explain disintegration in the nuclear family and emphasize on the adaptive elements that the family structure has to undergo. Many Western sociologist interchange the term ‘family’ with ‘nuclear family’. (Gottlieb, 1993)  The disintegration of the nuclear family has led to the emergence of one-parent families which include: widowed, adoptive, divorced, unmarried people and also same sex families. Because these groups sought to be recognized as a family unit, a sociologist known as Popenoe in 1988 revised the definition of a family to incorporate the groups. He played a part in influencing a debate on the definition of a family. He suggested that a family should also describe:Any group consisting of one adult and one dependent pe rson People married who are of the same sex. A couple which is not married. (Solly, 2006) The definition of a nuclear family has to include its functions as a social institution. (Taylor, 1997).   According to Murdock, the functions of this social institution include: economic, reproductive, sexual and educational. With the new science of sociology, analysis of the disintegration of the nuclear family became possible. Auguste Comte who was thought by many to be the father of sociology thought disintegration of the nuclear family came as result of French revolution. (Murdock, 1949).  Auguste attributes the rejection of aristocratic and hierarchical relations between the common people and the aristocracy as the main cause of family dysfunctions. His theory of attributing social changes to nuclear family disintegration and crisis has become a major subject in family sociology. Frederic Le Play who was the founder of empirical family sociology perceived the breakdown of the nuclear family as a result of industrial revolution. His sociological theory describes the stem family as being stronger than the Nuclear family which was separated from stem family and suffer red both physically and financially. He concluded by saying that the nuclear family is very unstable and that its disintegration was inevitable. (Taylor, 1997).According to Popenoe, the breakdown of the nuclear family could have been caused by Promiscuity in the society which made paternity issues difficult to establish. However, other sociologists like Howard and Westermarck found no clear evidence of promiscuity in early families. Marx and Engels influenced a major family theory in the nineteenth century. Marxist theory uses the economic determinism concept to explain how social power is determined by the available economic resources which influences the different kinds of struggle present in the various classes of people. (Parsons, 1955).The patriarchal family which had the father as having the rig ht to private property and authority overshadowed the matriarchal system. The dissolution of capitalistic system led to the liberation of women which saw to it that they also had the ability to acquire and possess wealth. The result was the formation of strong feminist theories regarding gender differences in power that has contributed to the many divorces in the society. Women now have the ability to take care of their own children without the presence of a male figure in the house. This has largely contributed to disintegration of the nuclear family.Sociological factors are thought to have been the cause of nuclear family disintegrations in Western countries like Canada, Northern Europe and United States. (Solly, 2006)The interactionist theory developed by Ralph Linton focuses on the interactions that occur between family members. Any nuclear family can be studied as a unit of interacting personalities. In the course of carrying out research on the interaction theory, the power in family roles was also studied. This theory explains that the disintegration of the nuclear family could have resulted from bad interactions within the family. For instance, a husband could exercise too much power in the family likely to send his wife away. (Taylor, 1997).A lot of controversy has resulted due to industrialization with women fighting for change of roles within a family setting. Although this move on the part of the women seems to be right, it has been established that single-parent families are not the best. Juvenile delinquency has risen due to the disintegrations in the nuclear family. The absence of the father figure and the ability to spend less time at home, transform children into delinquents. Industrialization has also led to many people dying due to accidents on roads, and places of work. This has increased the number of widowed people hence the nuclear family disintegration. (Patrick, 1995)The Social Darwin’s evolutionary theory has been applied to th e family setting. The theory talks about the adaptation of organisms into their natural environments. The family has been compared to an organism which has to adapt to its natural environment if it is to survive from breaking up. Using this theory, Henry Morgan tried to explain the evolutionary development of family through six stages. The first one being the matriarchal stage characterized by promiscuity while the last being the monogamous family. The nuclear family has not been able to adapt to the increased industrialization, civilization and urbanization. There are many challenges that the nuclear family is frequently exposed to. For instance, industrialization and civilization have influenced the roles played by parents in the nuclear family. As a result, disputes have occurred leading to the disintegration of the nuclear family. (Eby, 1995)Morgan in trying to fathom this theory decided that since evolution results in higher development of species, then environmental and social evolution could result in higher development of the family. Extended family evolved to form nuclear family and it is hoped that evolution will lead to the disintegration and evolution of the nuclear family to come up with a unit that will be able to adapt to the current environment. Civilized nations such as North America and Europe have recorded the highest nuclear family disintegrations due to the extensive industrialization present in the nations.Studies reveal that nations considered to be ‘primitive’ such as Africa, have most of their nuclear families still intact. Spencer, who is Pro- Social Darwinism, has attempted to explain the evolution of the family from simple to complex forms. However his explanations were not in line with Engels, Marx and Le Play family sociologists who described the family to be evolving from more complex forms such as the extended family to simpler forms like the nuclear family. If the theory holds, then it is expected that the nuclear family will further disintegrate and evolve into a simpler form. (Betty, 1973)Structural-functionalism concept was put across by Spencer in trying to explain family theory of change. This theory or concept was further supported by Durkheim and it was seen to form a basis of Parsons’ theory of family change.  This theory attributed the changes in the family structure to be as a result of changes in the society. The family was seen as a part of a greater whole which established equilibrium when it was properly combined to other relevant units. When a change occurred in one of the units, then it was transferred to the other parts. It was then decided that changes in the society could have a greater impact on the family as compared to the biological and economic factors in the Social Darwinism and Marxist theory. Durkheim found out that the change in the family structure influenced the relationships between parents and their children. In that the relationship ceases to be based on economic or material needs but on personal motives. In the changing society, women are very liberated that they do not need financial assistance from their partners. The nuclear family is disintegrating and this is shown by the great number of reported divorces and separations in the society. (Betty, 1973)The evolutionary theory was not accepted by many cultural anthropologists as it did not incorporate variations present in many family types due to different cultural contexts in the society. Instead they came up with cultural relativism concept which they thought should be employed in the study of the family evolution. They did not think that it was right to consider other cultures to be more superior or civilized than others. Thy made it clear that each society has unique values and culture which should not be compared with another. This theory was dismissed all together by the end of the nineteenth century.However, the theory popped up again in 1930 in a different form as Eco logical Anthropology. This theory emphasized on the relationship that exists between the environment and traits of a particular culture. The nuclear family is rapidly disintegrating due to the changes in the environment in terms of industrialization and urbanization. (Eby, 1995)ConclusionThe nuclear family is the first social group that one has to belong to. Due to the changes and developments that are taking place in the society, the stability of this family structure has been questioned. (Bernardes, 1999)  Industrialization and urbanization have been the reasons behind the emergence of other family structures caused by the breakdown of the nuclear family. There have been many cases of familial dysfunction and disintegration reported in more industrialized nations than in ‘primitive’ nations which prove the social Darwinism theory. (Eby, 1995)   According to Marx, family structures are bound to change from being complex to simple forms. Therefore, it is expected th at the nuclear family will further disintegrate to form simple family structures such as single-parent families, divorces, widowers, and single people unmarried people. (Betty, 1973)ReferencesBernardes, J. (1999): We must now define The Family. Marriage and Family Review 28(3/4):21–41.Chester, R. (1986): The Myth of the Disappearing Nuclear Family. In Family Portraits, ed. D., Short Run Press, Ltd.UKGottlieb, B. (1993): The Family in the Western World. New York: Oxford.Murdock, G. P. (1949): Social Structure. New York. Macmillan.Parsons, T. (1955): The American Family. Its Relations to Personality and the Social Structure. In Family Socialization and Interaction Process, ed. Free Press. New YorkUzoka, A. (1979): The Myth of the Nuclear Family. Historical Background and Clinical Implications. American Psychologist 34. Pp1095–1106.Peplau & Taylor, (1997): Sociocultural perspectives in social psychology. Guide to sociocultural resources in social psychology. Melbourne pre ss. New YorkBetty Y. (1973): Extinction. Revised ed. of The Changing Family. Columbia University press. New York  Solly D. (2006): The family on the threshold of the 21st century. Trends and Implications. Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication DataEby, L. (1995): Where's Daddy: Nearly Half the Nation's Children Are Growing Up In Homes Without Fathers. Prentice press. New York.Fagan & Patrick F. (1995): The Real Root Causes of Violent Crimes. The Breakdown of Marriage, Family and Community Cultural Studies Project. The Heritage Foundation. Washington, D.C. No. 1026.

Foreign Currency Management Pdf

Foreign Currency Management Exchange Rate This is the rate at which the currency of one country would change hands with currency of another country. E. g. $1 = SLR 130 Types of Exchange Rate 1. Floating Rate This rate depends on a levels of the international trade of a country and it does not interfere with the government of that country. 2. Fixed Rate This is the rate that the government of the country would set its own currency rate and it is not depending on the market rate. 3. Dirty Float This is the rate that mixed between floating rate and fixed rate system.This is where the government would allow exchange rate to float between a particular two limits. If it goes outside either of the limit, then the government would take further action. Forex Dealings 1. Bid Price The price at which the currency is bought by the dealer. 2. Offer Price The price at which the currency is sold by the dealer. When regarding the forex dealings, Offer Price > Bid Price Example 01: David is a UK busi nessman. He needs $ 400,000 to buy US equipment. Identify the amount of ? equired to buy the Dollars? ($/? 1. 75 – 1. 77) Answer: The amount of ? required = $ 400,000 $/? 1. 75 = ? 228571. 43 Example 02: James is a US businessman. He has just received a payment of ? 150,000 from his main customer in UK. Identify the amount of $ received by James when ? 150,000 are given? (? /$ 0. 61 – 0. 63) Answer: The amount of $ received = ? 150,000 ? /$ 0. 63 = $ 238095. 24 Spot Rate and Forward Rate Spot Rate This is the rate which is applicable for the immediate delivery of currency as at now.Forward Rate This is a rate that set for the future transaction for a fixed amount of currency. The transaction would take place on the future date at this agreed rate by disregarding the market rate. Discounts & Premiums Discounts If the forward rate which is quoted cheaper, then it is set to be quoted at a discount. E. g. $/? current spot is 1. 8500-1. 8800 and the one month forward rate a t 0. 0008-0. 0012 at a discount. When quoted at a discount, Answer: 1. 8500-1. 8800 their should be more Dollars + 0. 0008-0. 0012 being received at a given Pound. = 1. 508-1. 8812 So the discount factor have to be added to the spot rate. Premiums If the forward rate which is quoted more expensively, then it is set to be quoted at a premium. E. g. $/? current spot is 1. 9000-1. 9300 and the one month forward rate at 0. 0010-0. 0007 at a premium. When quoted at a premium, Answer: their should be less Dollars being 1. 9000-1. 9300 received at a given Pound because – 0. 0010-0. 0007 of the expensiveness of Dollars. So = 1. 8990-1. 9293 the premium factor have to be deducted from the spot rate. Foreign Exchange Rate Risks . Transaction Risk This is the risk that adverse exchange rate movement occurring in the cause of normal international trading transaction. This arises when the prices of imports or exports are fixed in foreign currency terms and there is a movement in the excha nge rate between the date when the price is agreed and when the cash is paid or received. 2. Translation Risk This is the risk that the organization will made exchange losses when the accounting results of its foreign branches or subsidiaries translated into the local currency. . Economic Risk This is the risk that suppose to a effect of exchange rate movements on the international competitiveness of the company. 4. Direct & Indirect Currency Quotes Direct Quote: This means the exchange rate is mentioned in terms of the amount of domestic currency which needs to be given in returns for one unit of foreign currency. E. g. SLR 130 for $1 Indirect Quote: This means the amount of foreign currency units that needs to be given to obtain one unit of domestic currency. E. g. $ 1/130 for SLR 1 Example 01ABC Ltd is a US company, buying goods from Sri Lanka which cost SLR 200,000. These goods are resold in the US for $2000 at the time of the import purchased. The current spot rate is $1 = SLR 126-130. Calculate the expected profit of the resale in terms of US Dollars using both direct & indirect quote methods. Answer: 1. ) Under Direct Quote Method $/SLR = 1/126 – 1/130 = 0. 00794 – 0. 00769 Sales = $2000 (-)Purchase Cost=SLR200,000*$/SLR0. 00794 =($1588) Expected Profit = $412 2. ) Under Indirect Quote Method Sales (-)Purchase Cost=SLR200,000/SLR126/$ Expected Profit = $2000 =($1587) = $413Managing the Exchange Rate Risk 1. Invoicing in domestic currency Since the exporter does not have to do any currency transaction in this method, the risk of currency conversion is transferred to the importer or vice versa. 2. Money Market Hedging Because of the close relationship between forward exchange rate and the interest rate in two currencies, it is possible to calculate a forward rate by using the spot exchange rate and money market lending or borrowing which is called as a money market hedge. Feature article about  Production Management3.Entering into Forward Exchange Rate Contracts A person can enter into an agreement with a bank to purchase the foreign currency on the fixed date at a fixed rate. 4. Matching receipts & payments Under this method a company can set off its payments against its receipts in that particular currency. 5. Options These are similar to forward trade agreements, but the consumer can choose between the bank’s rate and the market rate. Example 01 A Sri Lankan company has to settle $800,000 after three months time. The current spot rate is $1 = SLR 126-130.The foreign currency depositing interest rate is 12%per annum and the borrowing rate in Sri Lanka is 8% per annum. The agreed exchange rate with the bank is $1 = SLR128. The company has identified to overcome the exchange rate under Money Market Hedging & Forward Exchange Rate Contract methods. Identify the cheapest method to overcome the exchange rate risk. Answer: 1. ) Using Money Market Hedging Method FV = PV* (1+r)n PV = $800,000* (1+ 0. 03)-1 PV = $776,699 r = 0. 12*3/12 r = 0. 03 n=1 Purchase Cost(SLR) = $776,699*SLR130/$1 = SLR 100,970,870 Interest Cost(SLR) = SLR 100,970,870*0. 8*3/12 = SLR 2,019,417 Total Cost(SLR) = SLR(100,970,870+2,019,417) = SLR 102,990,287 2. ) Using Forward Exchange Rate Contract Method Total Cost (SLR) = $ 800,000*SLR128/$1 = $102,400,000 The best method is forward Exchange Rate Contract Method, because it gives the lowest total cost when compare to Money Market Hedging Method. Reasons for Short Term Changes of Exchange Rate 1. Investment Flows If a country does more investment to outside countries, then there would be a higher demand for foreign currency. Therefore the domestic will depreciated or vice versa. 2.Trade Flows In a given time if a country has more imports and less exports, the domestic currency will depreciated, because of the higher demand for the foreign currency or vice versa. 3. Economic Prospectus If a country has g ood economic policies and is showing shines of economic growth, it could receive more investment and therefore the domestic currency would appreciated. Reasons for Long Term Changes of Exchange Rate 1. Purchasing Power Parity Theory This theory describes how the differences in inflation rate among two countries would lead to changes in the exchange rates.Future Rate(A/B)=Spot Rate(A/B) * (1+ Inflation Rate of A) (1 +Inflation Rate of B) 2. Interest Rate Parity Theory This theory links the future currency rates with differences in interest rate among two countries. Future Rate(A/B)=Spot Rate(A/B) * (1+ Interest Rate of A) (1 +Interest Rate of B) 3. Monetarist Theory This theory identifies the relationship between exchange rate and the government money supply to an economy of one country. E. g. When the government released more money to their economy, individual would have more money.So they would purchased more, the demand will increased & through that result in higher prices & high inflation. This would lead to a high level of depreciation to the currency. 4. Keynesian Approach This theory says that an exchange rate may not change in a balance and sometimes currency may continuously appreciate or depreciate without reverse. E. g. There is a high taste & demand for imported product in one country while their exports are losing its export position in other countries. Therefore, without any appreciation of currency will continuously depreciate over a long time period in that country.

MGT 302 MOD 2 CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGT 302 MOD 2 CA - Essay Example Based on the various explanations that the author has provided for each of these successful women, one common aspect among all of these ladies is that each of them uses either one of the five forms of power as explained by French and Raven (Changing Minds). Here in order to effectively compare each of these successful ladies, the paper will detail their style and method adopted individually. This will provide a complete overview of each of their styles and will also provide a clear comparison of the styles adopted by each of them. Individual Analysis: Here each individual will be analysed individually. This will help give a clear idea of the style used by the individual and will help gain a clearer difference among all the ladies. Sharon Patrick clearly uses the Coercive power as her mode of gaining real power in her work place. This she uses to gain the power and to also gain an upper hand when compared to her male counterparts. Sharon has shown the strength and confidence that she has and has used this power to her benefit (Muoio). Linda Chavez-Thompson as well uses her coercive power to deal with her work place. Considering her role this is an ideal power to use to keep in complete control in the work place. It is however essential to note here that her style is apt for her job. Linda Chavez-Thompson however does have a mixed role of coercive as well as expert power. She shows here expertise and used this to move up to the current position. Jessica Bibliowicz on the other hand, unlike the other ladies uses the reward power as her tool to gain the real power within the company (Brooks). This she believes is the best method to get the work done and is her secret to success. Janice Gjertsen uses a combination of the legitimate and referent power. Her ideas are clear and unlike the others she focuses on being herself to best extent and to keep up the characteristics of a true women rather than trying to be someone else all together. Katherine D'Urso unlike all t he above mentioned ladies focuses on the legitimate power. She is clear with her goals and does not believe in asking for help, but in doing things in the right manner from the beginning (Muoio). She follows rules and ensures that all the work in line with law. Michelle Bernard is a person who uses legitimate and referent power. She has had her goals and an aim set down firm and is clear in her mind of what she aims at achieving. Her style of leadership is more transactional in nature. Harriet Rubin follows the style of referent power. This proves to be effective as she works in an industry which is led by men. She clearly adopts a transformational style for herself and tries to blend herself to the market as that is the only sure shot manner of being a part of the industry and gaining a strong position in the company (Muoio). Kathryn Gould is among the few who follows a different approach at the work place. She has adopted a charismatic leadership. She uses her natural charisma to reach out to the people and to get work completed. Her style of leadership is clearly very different from the rest. Sara Levinson has shown a very different form of leadership. She uses a participative leadership style and is focused on developing a strong team with the involvement of all. For instance here in this case of what type of leadership she uses, she consulted here team (Mullins). This is clearly a participative leadership style. Kathy Kane-Zweber uses a coercive form of leadership for her work

Advanced Hunting and Content Development Research Paper

Advanced Hunting and Content Development - Research Paper Example Attack or evading defenders’ tools involve using counter infrastructure and tools that compromise data. Defenders must then have indicators of compromise (IOC) such that their content identifies methods or numerous pieces of evidence (Orlando 23). This introduces the need to distinguish between analytic and hunting where analytics include the means of obtaining attractive objects, patterns, and events, and this is supported by hunting together with monitoring. However, monitoring is not analytics, but ensuring that the system is free from evident or hidden compromise by offenders. In their attack, offenders use different platforms and phishing techniques while defenders are forced to use such as exploit kit servers such as RSA Security Analytics to monitor phishing and other attacks. RSA security analytics work toward protecting phishing, and suspicious objects, patterns or events using notifications such as warnings, provision of information, and curbing suspicions. In all cases, RSA security analytics uses an event reconstruction to identify suspicions, warnings, or compromise, and communicates to the present security tools including intrusion prevention systems, and firewalls. The security tools are also informed of things that present threat to the system (Musthaler n.p). The two identified are Zenoss Core, Network Miner, and angry IP Scanner. The Zenoss Core platform combines system management and integrated network analysis of performance, events, availability, and configuration. The platform uses simple protocols for streaming data through SSH, JMX, and Syslong for flexible foundation to manage events and monitor logs. In addition, the tool offers features that are particularly geared towards virtual and cloud infrastructure. Network minor tool offers a great way of scrutinizing files, chat history, searching files,

Use your understanding of chemistry to answer the following questions Essay

Use your understanding of chemistry to answer the following questions - Essay Example 2. What actually makes a chemical reaction happen? Chemical reaction happens when molecules interact with each other. There should be two or more molecules involved for the chemical reaction to happen. This interaction between molecules causes the smaller parts of the molecules, the atoms to bond with each other and breaks down to form new molecules. When this happen, the possibilities of the resulting molecules are endless. Yes I should squash the bottle albeit it would make the container look ugly. This consistent to Henry’s Law that states that the amount gas that dissolves in a liquid is directionally proportional to the pressure exerted to the gas in equilibrium with that liquid (www.khanacademy.org nd). Leaving a soda half-full without squashing the bottle will flat the soda because carbon dioxide that causes the hissing sound when we open it will seep out faster. There is now large amount of vacuum causing the soda to flatten. So by squashing the bottle, we virtually remove the space above the soda and increase the pressure inside the container preventing it from going

A Segment from the film Finding Nemo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Segment from the film Finding Nemo - Essay Example Finding Nemo is one of the most successful animation film blockbusters. It was released in 2003 worldwide and took the entire world by surprise. Its stunning animation, the astounding undersea sceneries, Marlin Clownfish, Nemo (Marlin's son with one fin shorter than other), Dory the Regal Tang with short-term memory loss and all other characters won the heart of every animation film lover of all ages. The film presents a fully realized underwater world with bright & attractive colors and very natural dynamics - fish/tortoise movements, hydraulics, underwater illumination effects, rigid body dynamics (like the boat movement), underwater explosions, etc. The story structure is excellent with seamless connectivity among all scenes. The film is produced by Pixar Animation Studios & Walt Disney Pictures, written by Andrew Stanton, and directed by Lee Unkrich & Andrew Stanton. The film grossed about $864.62 million worldwide in 2003 which is one of the largest revenue any animation film ev er made. Pixar Animation Studios have many such successful 3D animation films at their credit. The primary process that they follow comprises of fourteen steps:- Story Idea is Pitched, Text Treatment is carried out, Storyboards are drawn (sketches), Voice recording is carried out, the virtual reels are created on the software, the artists create the look & feel, 3D Modeling is carried out, the sets are created (using computer graphics), the shots are laid, animations & behavioral aspects are added, the sets & characters are superimposed with appropriate shading, lighting of the scenes is carried out, the final computer data is rendered and finally, the finishing touches are carried out.. They were discussing their eggs when a barracuda attacked and killed Coral and ate all the eggs except one. The only egg that survived got partially damaged as a result of the attack and Marlin promises that he will never leave it - and named it as Nemo as per the wish of his wife before death. The following scene is the introduction of the film - by Pixar Animation Studios & Walt Disney Pictures.  

Adult Group Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Adult Group Learning - Essay Example style commonly prevail among the learners are the discussion methods in which they try to discuss the topics with their friends and try grasp as much as possible. Thus learning can take place independently and also it can happen in groups. Adult learning also happens independently and in groups. Adults have more intellectual abilities than the children and can learn the topics independently using some resources like internet, library resources etc. But some adults prefer group learning. They feel that working with a group is more beneficial to their learning than listening in class. This paper briefly explains adult group learning. McKeachie found significant relationships between attitude change and changes in perception of the group norms (Gibb, n. d, p.256). Moreover, Brewer et al (2003) have mentioned that the opportunity to work in small informal groups provides an avenue to interact with peers, fulfilling the needs of some adult learners with a high affiliation motive (Brewer et al, 2003) The attitude of the adults towards group learning is extremely positive. Man is a social animal. It is difficult for a person to live in this society without having the assistance from others. Same way, there are limitations for a person to learn things independently. While learning in groups adults will attain more enthusiasm and positive attitude towards their learning compared to learning independently. Moreover, face to face contact with groups tended to retain beliefs even after these beliefs shown to be without foundation (Gibb, n. d, p.256). It is a fact that all the people like the company of peers for everything. While working, playing, studying, people always like the company of others who are similar in their ages. Same way while learning also adults like the company of adults. It is difficult for an adult to learn in the company of younger people as young people might tease him or harass him. On the other hand he will be more comfortable in the company of

Protection and Indemnity Clubs Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Protection and Indemnity Clubs - Article Example Ninety percent of shipowners in modern times is a part of one of these clubs. These clubs also cover the shipowner from liability to third parties, as well as coverage against injury or death of the crew-members. (Finnern, 2007, p. 5). The shipowner becomes both the insured and the insurer, because claims are paid out of the Clubs funds, and these funds are collected from all the members of the Club. (Finnern, 2007, p. 6). A normal clause of most, if not all, of the PI Clubs, is the â€Å"pay to be paid† rule. This rule states, in a nutshell, that if a shipowner has a claim for which he wants the club to reimburse him, he must first settle the claim with the injured party on his own, with his own means. (Hawkins, p. 3). He can then seek reimbursement from the Club for the money he spent out of pocket. (Finnern, 2007, p. 7). The reason for the â€Å"pay to be paid† rule is that the PI Clubs only provide indemnification for their members, as opposed to regular insurance. The difference between regular insurance and indemnification is that, with regular insurance, all claims against the insured are paid, whereas, with indemnification insurance, only the claims for which the insured has already paid are covered. With regular insurance, the insured does not have to suffer an actual financial loss to collect, and advanced payment is not necessary; with indemnification, the insured does have to suffer an actual financial loss to collect, advanced payment is necessary, and the amount that he collects from the indemnity insurance is only as much as he has already paid out. (Finnern, 2007, pp. 8-9). Further, the third party generally has to have a judgment against the insured, otherwise, the PI does not kick in. In other words, if the insured gives money to a third party to settle the claim, but the third party did not first obtain a judgment, the PI may not pay the claim, even though the insured has fulfilled the requisite requirement of payment.

Effective Training Essay Example for Free

Effective Training Essay Human Resource Development or HRD is about the enhancing and widening skills by helping people to grow within the organization, and by enabling them to make better use of their abilities and skills. In an increasingly competitive world, which is the reality for most organizations today, few would disagree with the view that a link should exist between the training and the development that the organization undertakes and the business strategy of that organization (Wilson, 1999). Personnel are now widely regarded as ‘human resources’ with the implication that, like other resources, they are to be valued and carefully managed. The amount of financial resource available for the training and development of employees is not unlimited, necessitating decisions where to deploy training activity to maximum effect, and such decision can only be made if those responsible for ‘Human Resource Development’ or HRD are clear about the organization’s strategy and priorities (Wilson, 1999). An alignment between strategy and training and development is now commonly regarded as good business sense in all corners of the globe, but despite this, there is some evidence from both Europe and the United States that, while at an intellectual level this link is recognized, the practice may be considerably different in many countries. Training and development has traditionally been a functional division of the personnel department concerned with carrying out the identification of training and development needs, planning and designing training, implementing training and evaluating it (Wilson, 1999). Small organization handles the responsibilities of Human Resource Development and its Human Resources by emulating larger organization in the way they implement ways in guiding their personnel to be more productive and skillful. The only difference between small and large organization is on the process or methods they implement their ways due to lesser personnels.

Organisational Behavior Notes Essay Example for Free

Organisational Behavior Notes Essay Definition * The study of human behaviour, attitudes and performance within organisational setting to improve performance and differences. * Frameworks of theories, methods and principles from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, political * The organisational Iceberg The study of organisational behaviour embraces, therefore an understanding of * The nature and purpose of the organisation * The human element and behaviour of people * Business strategy, organisational processes and the execution of work * The process of management as an integrating and co-ordinating activity * Social responsibilities and business ethics * The external environment of which the organisation is part of and * The need for organisation success and survival. The Pyschological Contract * The PC is not a formal written document that is referred to but a people organisation relationship where mutual expectations and satisfaction of needs are implied. * Important to enhance the level of trust and teamwork. * Human capital to be seen as a responsibility and a resources to be added to * Two observations in human behaviour at work * Peter Principle * Parkinson’s law ../2 The pyschological contract: possible examples of individual and organisational expectations Individual’s expectations of the organisation * Provide safe and hygienic working conditions. * Make every reasonable effort to provide job security. * Attempt to provide challenging and satisfying jobs, and reduce alienating aspects of work. * Adopy equitable human resource management policicies and procedures. * Respect the role of trade union officials and staff representatives. * Consult fully with staff and allow genuine participation in decisions which affect them. * Implement best practice in equal opportunity policies and precedures. * Reward all staff fairly according to their contribution and performance. * Provide reasonable opportunities for personal development and career progression. * Treat members of staff wit respect. * Demonstrate an understanding and considerate attitude towards personal problems of staff. Organisation’s Expectations of the Individual * Uphold the ideology of the organisation and the corporate image. * Work diligently in pursuit of organisational objectives. * Adhere to the rules, policicies and procedures of the organisation. * Respect the reasonable authority of senior members of staff. * Not to take advantage of goodwill shown by the management. * Be responsive to the leadership influence. * Demonstrate loyalty, respect confidentiality and not betray positions of trust. * Maintain harmonious relationships with work colleagues. * Not to abuse organisational facilities such as email or internet access. * Observe reasonable and acceptable standards of dress and appearance. * Show respect and consolidation to customers and suppliers. A pyshcological contract is not only measured in monetary value or in exchange of goods or services, it is in essence the exchange or sharing beliefs and values, expectations and satisfactions. Mutuality is the base principle of the pyshcological contract and consensus or mutual understanding is the basis of mutuality. Ideally therefore self-interest should be balanced with common interest in a win-win arrangement. In the past this unspoken contract might have implied that employees could expect job security and adequate rewards from their employer in exchange for hard work and loyalty. Today’s pyshological contract may be different, in line with a changed working environment that includes factors such as increased rationalism, technological changes, and management aproaches such as outsourcing. The new pyschological contract may revolve more around an employer’s willingness to assist you in developing your skills to order to maintain your marketability. The Peter Principle This is concerned with the study of occupational incompetence and the study of hierarchies. In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to their level of incompetence. Employees competence in their postion are promoted and competence is each new position qualifies for promotion to the next highest posotion until a position of incompetence is reached. The principle is based on perceived incompetence in all levels of every hierarchy political, legal, educational and industrial and ways in whcih employees move upwards through a hierarchy and what happens to them after promotion. Peter suggests tow main means by which a person can effect their promotion rate. â€Å"Pull and push†. * Pull is an employee’s relationship – by blood, marriage and acqaintance – with a person above the employee in the hierarchy. * Push is sometimes manifested by an abnormal interest in study, vocational training and self-improvement. In small hierarchies push may have a marginal effect in accelerating promotion; in larger hierarchies the effect is minimal. Pull is therefore, likely to be more effective than Push. Parkinson’s Law A major feature of PL is that of the rising pyramid, that is â€Å"Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion. There is little, if any, relationship between the quantity of work to be done and the number of staff doing it. Underlying this tendency are two statements; * An official wants to multiply subordinates, not rivals * Officials make work for each other What is driving leaders organisations behaviour? * The continuous importance that consumers base on value of product and service. * The diverse workforce is also an important factor that drives organisational behaviour. * Consumers expect that organisation understands their needs and produces top quality products at best price possible. These demands place leaders in a challenged situation by domestic and global markets and competition. What are organisational factors? * Organisational factors may be identified as the organisational environment, structure design * Individual characteristics, group behaviour * Overall decision making * The change processes adopted by the organisation The fast momentum in any industry highlights the importance of the leader to align the human resources with the organisational factors. Framing the Organisational behaviour Organisational behaviour may be studied under the following main contributors * The environment * The individual in the organisation * Group behaviour and interpersonal influence * Organisational process Organisational environment is the external and internal environment, the legal and political constraints, economic, technological changes and development all have an impact on the decisions that are taken by the management. The individual is the foundation of the organisation performance. This should therefore highlight the importance of managing individual behaviour at any level of the organisation. There are 3 important influences that mould the individual behaviour. 1. Individual characteristics 2. Individual motivation 3. Rewards Group behaviour Groups may form either intentionally by managerial decisions or form out of individual efforts. * Formal groups are groups that were intentionally created by managerial decisions * Informal groups are groups that form out of common interests and friendships that may have a negative or positive effect and therefore affect the organisation or individual performance. * Organisational processes are the communication, the decision making and the leadership elements that the organisation fosters as part of its culture and which in turn have an impact on the general performance of the individual and collective behaviour. Factors of organisation process Communication process is the ability of management to receive, transmit and act on information. The information integrates the internal activities with the external demand and information also integrates internally the activities of the organisation. Decision making process Decisions by managers have a direct impact on the employees well being, the organisation’s resources and the design and implementation of rules in a organisation. This should illustrate the importance of managers to communicate, assess and analyse the feedback of decisions and practises in the organisation. Leadership process Leaders in an organisation may be managers and non- managers. The manager may not always be the leader, yet leadership skills contribute in attaining the set goals. Some people believe that leadership styles should vary according to the situation, other believe that one style of leadership is effective in most situations. Importance of effectiveness * Surviving in the environment * Organisation ages- it forms, develops, matures and declines Importance of the Dimension of Time Quality, productivity, efficiency, satisfaction, adaptiveness and development are 6 general categories of effectiveness criteria. Each of the categories have a time base, short run criteria – 1 year, intermediate 5 years, long run are those for which the indefinite future is applicable. Personality Individual difference and work behaviour * Individual differences have a direct effect on behaviour because peole who perceive things differently behave differently. * Individual differences shape organisaitional behaviour and consequently, individual and organisaitional success. What is the ASA framework? This is the attraction- selection-attrition to careers and organisations. * Prospective employees are attracted to careers and organisations. * Organisations elect employees on the basis of the needs of the organisation. * Attrition occurs when individuals discover that they do not belong to the organisation. Studying individual differences at the work place is important since not addressing differences among employees may hinder from achieving organisation and personal goals. Understanding work behaviour Inorder to fully understand where individual differences arise the personal environment also needs to be given attention, weight and considered. Heredity factors are also important. An effective management must; * Observe and recognise the dufferences and * Study relationship between variables that influences individual behaviour. For discussion * What are the variables at work? * Give examples of work behaviour. Can you think of how these may be fostered on connected? The following variables impact employee productivity, creativity and performance extensively; * Heredity factors and diversity * Abilities and skills * Attitudes Heredity factors Gender, race and ethnic background are all heredity factors, mental and moral differences are also influenced by genetic inheritance and such factors mould each individual which in turn have a direct effect at work behaviour. 1.a Diversity * Diversity refers to those attributes that make people different from another. Primary dimensions of diversity include age, ethicity, gender, pyshical attributes, race and sexual orientation. When an employee is harassed as a resukt of diversity, due to isolation they become less enthusiastic in their job. * Managing diversity therefore ensures that employees become top level contributors especially in today’s Abilities and Skills * Ability is a pesson’s talent to perform a mental or pyshical task. * Skill is a learned talent that a person has acquired to perform a task. * Ability tends to be stable over time while skill tends to change according to training and experience. One needs ability to be a sales executive (appearance and manners are important) yet one may attain skills with years of experience in sales. * Mental ability therefore refers to the level of intelligence including comprehension, indicative or deictive reasoning, body language, associative memory etc. * Tacit knowledge is the work related to practical know how of the employees acquired eitehr through observation or direct experience on the job. Emotional intelligence – When you probe people to get to know them more * It is important that managers assess and attest abilities and skills snice no amount of leadership and motivation can make up for such deficiencies- job analysis therefore becomes important. * Job analysis is the process of defining and studying a job interms of tasks and behaviour and specifying responsibilities, education and training needes to perform a job – therefore removes guess work when recruiting. Attitudes Attitudes are deteriments of behaviour because they are linked with perception, personaility, fdeelings, etc therfore has a certain amount of importance to the managers. Attitudes are * Learned * Define one’s predeposition towards a given aspect or situation * Provide the emotional basis of one’s interpersonal relations and identifications with other * Attitudes are close to the core of personaility * Some attitudes are persistent and enduring while others are liable to change over time. Changing attitudes at the workplace How can a manager change attitudes of his employees? The process depends on three main factors / contributors 1. The Communicator 2. The Message 3. The Situation The Communicator * If the communicator is trusted and the employees perceive the manager as having prestige, they are more likely to change their attitudes. Employees change because they try to identify with a liked communicator and tend to adopt attitudes and behaviour of the liked individual. * A manager with a low prestige is not show respect / trust by peers and superiors – therefore more difficult to change attitudes of his team. The Message * Intentional and unintentional messages are delivered through verbal and no nverbal communication by managers. * The message delivered to employees has to be clear, understandable and convincing. * Developing persuasive verbal and non verbal communication skills is essential to managers. The Situation * The managers success in delivering a change in attitude also depends on the situation when the message is being delivered. * Distraction and pleasant surroundings are two factors that facilitate change in attitude (perks, performance allowance, training opportunities) Is job satisfaction an attitude? Job satisfaction results from the perception of the job itself and the degree which there is a good fit between the individual and the organisation Factors to consider * Pay – not just the pay but the perceived fairness. * The work itself are job tasks considered interesting? Do they provide opportunities for learning and accepting further / higher responsibilities? * Supervision – technical competence and interpersonal skills of the immediate boss. * Co workers – extent to which co workers are friendly, competent and supportive. Advancement opportunities – availability of opportunities Work conditions – the physical work environment is comfortable and supportive of productivity. Job security – it is reasonable expectation that one’s position is secure and contured employment within the organisation. Job relation in relation to Job performance on Effectiveness Are these 2 factors related or dependant on each other? * Attempts by management to satisfy employees may not mean higher performance while high performance may not mean that the employers are satisfied at work. * Discuss the ripple effects of rewards, warnings, absenteeism, fair promotion etc. That these have on job performance in general. Effect on OC Personality Personality refers to a relatively stable set of feelings and behaviour that have been significantly formed by genetic and environmental factors. * The manager attempting to understand his employees must give attention to the major forces that shape personality. * Cultural forces, heredity, family, relationship and social class are all factors that mould personality. How? * Culture – society, institutes various pattern behaviour with the result that members of a culture have common personality characteristics. * Heredity – varies from personality to another but are not constant since it is associated with values or ideals (temperament) * Family relationships – the experience one has with his parents, grandmothers, other family members / life experiences. * Social class – influences one’s self perception, perception of others, of work, of authority of money factor. * Personality is therefore a product (a number of forces that together have attributed to shape the unique individual). Personality is interrelated with perception, attitudes, learning and motivation – therefore analysis behaviour is incomplete unless personality is considered. Personality and Behaviour in Organisations The big five Personality Dimensions is key in understanding organisational behaviour. 1. Extroversion (Open minded, sociable, etc) 2. Emotional (Stability) 3. Agreeableness (More open to people, challenges and change) 4. Conscientousness (to understand your people’s attraction) Other three major factors are: Locus of control This relates to the extent to which employees believe that their behaviour will influence what happens to them. (Differing personalities of Internals Externals). Self efficacy Personal beliefs of competencies and abilities. This has an impact on Org behaviour and decisions like selection, training programmes and goal setting and performance. Creativity This is a personality trait that requires deviation from the normal thinking to produce new and useful ideas. (Think in an unconventional way). While a personality factor of the individual organisations play an important role to develop creativity at work by giving opportunities and freedom to think and come forward with new ideas. Reward winning ideas and discuss failures positively to nourish creativity all round. The Importance of Culture National Culture is the sum total of the beliefs, rituals, rules, customs, artefacts and institution that characterise the population. How organisational transactions are conducted is affected by nation’s culture and its subcultures. Values, customs and rituals of cultures do not simply appear. They are revolutionary and are influenced by politics, religion, language and cultural aspects. Managing in the 21st century For effective management understanding different cultures and various organisational cultures is important in the 21st century. ../9 ../9 Adaptation to new environment is becoming a common occurrence and although adaptation from one origin to another is always difficult, it can be better understood by learning about organisational culture. Organisational Culture Organisational culture is the shared values, norms, beliefs and norms which influence the way employees think, feel and act towards others inside and outside the organisation. OC gives unique identity to an organisation Although culture cannot be seen, it can be sensed and felt through a person’s attitudes, emotions and perceptions. â€Å"The way we do things around here† Deal and Kennedy 1982 â€Å"The collective programming of the mind†, Geert Hofstede 2001. Hostede identified four dimensions of culture: power distance, uncenrtainty, avoidance, individualism and masculinity. Power distance is essentially used to categorise levels of inequity in organisations which Hofstede claims will depend upon managment style, willingness of subordinates to diasgree with superiors, and the educational level and status accruing to particular roles. Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which members of a society feel threatened by unusual situations. High uncertainty avoidance is said to be characteristic in France, Spain, Germany and many Latin American societies. Individualism describes the relatively individualistic or collectivisit ethic evident in that particular society. The USA, France and Spain display high individualism. Masculinity refers to a continuum between masculine charactertistics such as assertiveness and competitiveness, and feminine traits such as caring, a stress upon the quality of life and concern with the environment. Can organisational culture be created by management? * Ann Cunliffe (2008) states that OC is important for 4 reasons *Slaps the image that the public has as an organisation * Influences organisational performance * Provide direction to the company * Help to attract and retain motivated staff Creating the desired OC may be difficult since imposing a particular culture may not be met with resistance. Why? Is disparity between what the management states as values and the reality with the employee an issue? What organisational factors may be attributed to the development of a desired OC? Communication is an organisational factor that is an important factor is developing and fostering an OC Why? Discuss with example? Communicating top down only leaves management out of touch from the real situation and may lead to a gap in culture that management wants to create another culture that actually develops. Uncover the levels of cultures Artefacts Visible organisational structures and processes (had to decipher). Annual report, newsletter, furnishings are examples of artefacts. Espoused Values – Strategies, goals, philosophies (espoused justifications). Assumptions that tell individuals how to perceive, think and feel about work, human relationships and performance of colleagues. Basic underlying assumptions – Unconscious taken for granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings (ultimate sources of values and actions). Summary with examples of Schein’s three levels of culture * Surface manifestation of culture – most accessible forms which are visible and audible behaviour patterns and objects (observable culture, send a message) * Organisational values – the accumulated beliefs held about how work hold be done and situations dealt with that guide employee behaviour ( be honest, be creative, work hard) * Basic assumption – invisible perceptions, taken for granted understandings, held by individual with an organisation concerning behaviour, the nature of reality and its relationship to its environment (stability, excellence, quality and responsibility). Where does OC come from? Values are the basic element that distinguishes one organisation from the other. Changing organisation structure and its process will mean a change in values and therefore a change in culture. Why? Discuss the difference on a change from tall hierarchy to a change in flat hierarchy.

Stereotyping and prejudice in the workplace

Stereotyping and prejudice in the workplace The whole world urbanized day to day because of globalization. Every person can go one state to another simply moreover the reason of work, or study. While a person from one different environment or nation work together with another people from a different surroundings, that time they both takes their own social status, culture, nature, believes with them, which are dissimilarity between each other (Google question) As a result, discrimination arises within a people in their working place because every people have different attitude towards the person which may be positive or may be negative. The purpose of this assignment is to discover the problem arise in male dominating workplace which especially faced by women and also analyse the issues and build recommendation for taking action by company as well as provide better solution. This briefing paper focuses the case study of Ms. Rosina Chamar, employee of Dynamic Power Supply International Pvt. Ltd. The business of this company conn ected to not only in Nepal also running in European countries too. After overview the situation of case, SWOT and PEST analysis has been discussed to solve the problem. At last of the paper, outcomes plus forecasts has been granted for better suggestion. In this briefing paper, to make clear the difficulties on workplace, Hofstede Cultural Theory and SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis could support a lot to overcome the problems or to meet the best results. Also external factors PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technical) helps to analyse the Situation and find suitable result. Terms of Reference There are many people around the world, who think they are more powerful and superior than other people. This is not result of todays condition because this happened from the beginning when there were kings and servant, where the very strong people were respected and worshipped while the weak ones were became servant ( Lisa Gayagay, 2009:1). The aim of the assignment is based on the problems which face by the person especially women who are working in place in a male dominating country like Nepal. At first, we all must have to know that stereotypes absorb generations regarding the typical features of the people. Same as prejudice is a manner of the people which can be positive or negative that they show without knowing of the fact. In the case of the sex stereotyping which occurs when persons are judged according to traditional typecast based on gender. Either developed countries or undeveloped counties people have to deal with these types of problems (Prejudice, chapter: 5). Who I am: I am a senior counsellor Kritika Gautam. I am working in BK Legal Advice Consultant Pvt. Ltd since 2005. During my working period I have got many knowledge and experience every day. I have got degree from University of Bedfordshire, England in Law and Human Resource Management. So my degree and my working experience help me to get right decision and solve problems. As an advisor, my duty is to take out her in that situation. Its very essential that an advisor have to solve the clients problems. During my experience, I have got chance to learn the different problems faced by people because of cultural dominating, traditional dominating. And badly have to say that women are the main target of those kinds of problems. Who my client is: My client is Ms. Rosina Chamar. She is working as a financial officer in Dynamic Power Supply International Company in Nepal. She is coming to a multinational company to work from rural community. Because of her talent and graduation level educational certificate she got an opportunity to work with a multinational company. In our Hindu culture, women were blessed as Shakti / Devi or power to achieve everything. People were worshipped her vision, sympathy power and even her justice. I have serious difference of opinion with Rosina Chamars issues. After hearing her words once, her words struck me. According to my client, in our society we weather treated women like goddess or servants. There are so many examples which show that women have been demoralized, neglected and exploited since the days of caveman. In her case, the first issue is that she has to struggle to stand in male dominated culture where bad languages and sexist jokes which may be norm of man and she needs to consider th ose types of things. Next point is that a male ego also makes difficult for him to accept a woman from lower cast as his senior even she has the right educational background and credentials (Pushya S, 2009). What helps my client wishes? She has come to me for support because she has faced many problems. My client Ms. Chamar, she wishes to get relieve of these problems. To win a male dominating society, she must have to settle in her company. Thats why after facing many difficulties she still working in that company. Either my client is a well educated woman and has 3 years experience in relevant field but unfortunately she has to face problems in her work. And lastly she has to come to me to get idea and advice to solve the problems. Overview of the situation In the present situation of our country Nepal, the culture and behaviour of people of town is totally different from countryside. Town become a more modernized and practical. Working in an office is more stressed and have to practical knowledge to do. Also people of the town are totally different from their behaviour, language, outlook and attitude. They have given more priority in group assignment but she has a problem to work together with men. Because she is from low cast and medium family background, her colleagues have negative thinking toward her culture and believe and main thing she is woman. Even town is a place of educated people but the behaviour and thinking of their still same like an ancient period. So, this is a vital problem she has to face. My client first should have to be awake all these situations before taking decision that she will do continue the job or not. After understanding her all problems, the main problems she faced everyday in her workplace are like the given below and she has to be prepare to get rid from these trouble. Attitude: The problem of attitude of men about her is very negative because she is middle class women and she always like to be reserve. Thats why may be her workmates thought that she is unfriendly and self-righteous. Wages gap: In every enterprise, women still earning less than their male co-workers. Not only my client, many women around the world had very few rights and also could be sacked from job simply because of their family and social problem like: women had to play a role of mother, housewife. So they have to problem to be a full professional. Thats why even they work hard and active still they get less salary than other equal men. Ms. Chamar also faced same problem of less salary. Cultural difficulty: When a woman comes in different society to do something for her future she has to face many problems and the cultural difficulty is one of them. In village most of the families are not allowing to women to work outside the own society, but while coming in town she has to work with different types of men where they have open thinking, culture and environment. Male dominate: For better organizational future, company must have to use many type of technique to work. And male and female both are part of good decision making. So my client has to come to work in male dominated society where the male consider as a superior as compare to the female. So it is very hard for man to work with the talented and active female staff. She has a good work experience and knowledge but the man who has top position in the society so they have comparatively hard to follow behind the female. Social and family connection: In our Nepalese society women has many social barriers and restricted. She must have to follow social rule and morals. But in city life all have freedom to do anything. And she has problem to accept suddenly this condition in her life because it takes few more time to understand. Harassment: The last and serious problem she faced is harassment either sexual or languages. About the cases of sexual harassment (Farler, 1978), it mentions examples of many groups of working women: young/old, professional/labour, and rich/poor. It is endemic but very critical issue to workplace. In the case of my client her co-workers and senior managers wanted to take sexual relation with her and they always try to behave badly and mislead. So she is always afraid from that situation and tried to keep safe self from them. Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimension: This prejudice problem is not individual problem because the whole society and world faced these types of problems. Not only had women from Nepalese society, all women around the world directly or indirectly beard this problem. Geert Hofstede recommends a theory to understand the cultural differences between peoples, genders and countries (Prentice Hall-Financial tine, 2002). There are five aspects which help to clear the differences between male and female discrimination in workplace and society. 1. Power Distance Index (PDI) 2. Individualism (IDV) 3. Masculinity (MAS) 4. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) 5. Long Term Orientation (LTO) To illustrate above phases of cultural differences the graph of Asian and European countries show these briefly: Five dimension theories of Professor Geert Hofstede Power Distance Index: PDI demonstrate the imbalanced allocation of power between the people. This is a level towards which the less powerful members of organization have to accept and seniors of company distributed this unequally. In this graph, Asian countries have highest PDI with a ranking of 70% compare to European countries average of 40%.The power distance between Asia and Europe indicate the high of inequality of power and wealth between genders within the society and culture and even in organizations. Individualism: IDV depends on self ego. In above graph, Asian countries have 55% individualism where as European countries have 80%. These huge difference figures indicate that European people were free minded and self dependent than others. Asian people and European people both have different culture, believes, ethnic and behaviour. Women have social boundaries in Asian countries. Masculinity: MAS represents the space between the men`s value and women`s value. In above graph Asian countries have MAS as the lower Hofstede dimension of culture with a ranking of 60% and European average just slightly higher at 70%. It surprisingly shows that not only Asian countries have more mens value because women of European countries also faced this situation. There is not a huge dissimilarity between Asia and Europe. Uncertainty avoidance Index: UAI deals with a people and society towards patience for uncertainty and doubt. It represents that a traditional program its associates to think both comfortable and uncomfortable in open conditions. Where uncertainty is escaping in people of those countries has full of power. In above graph, the uncertainty in Asian countries is 50% and in European countries, it is in 40%. Long Term Orientation: A higher LTO could be indicative of a culture that is economical and perseverant on the other hand the short term orientations are deference for believes, rewarding social commitments. The LTO score of Asian countries is 60% and European is 30%. Thats shows the result is Asian are short orientated and European are long term orientated. Analysis of the situation SWOT Analysis After the overview of the situation, it is better to analysis the case through strength, weakness, opportunity and threats condition of my client. Starting from analysis of internal factors: Strength(S): Positive sense on skills and attitude Work hard in any situation and strong emphasis on decision Power to choose own career path Experience on work and optimistic Weaknesses (W): Lack of patient Weak communication and fearful mind -Too trustworthy and always shy -Soft hearted and never say no to others Other external factors: Opportunity (O): -Power of leading staffs and company -Promotion in very high position -International working -Possibility of being example of successful women in society Threat (T): -Dissimilarities between genders -Traditional mind of people and social cultural barriers -Criticism and prejudice in work -Issues of cast and fear of self identity All above mention points clear that she has a good opportunity to take defence on prejudice but her weaknesses stopped her to face challenges. Lack of power and support affect her. Thats why after analysis her internal and external weak points and possibilities, she has more positive points which help to support in her future success and stand for defence of imbalance condition of workplace. PEST Analysis It is usually used to build the strategies to search external environment. It helps to evaluate the problems created by external surrounding issues. PEST identifies Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors of macro environment. Political area has a huge influence upon the regulation of business, society and countries as well. Government has many policies regarding the case like more information and awareness about harassment, gender gap, wages facilities in workplace. Government reinforce and upgrade the systems for monitoring equality in employment (Eurofound, 2009).So, my client has to clear knowledge about government policies and rules. Economic Factor (E): In present, women are a large part of the employment. They are involving in every kind of work same as men. Either they both work same kind of work or also women do better than men but women get less benefit and wages than men. But today many human rights- national and international agencies and government policies came aware of that situation. They made rights against discrimination and also granted other minorities protection in the workplace. Therefore, she has to talk with her directors about her problem. Social Factor (S): In our Nepalese society, women has treated like second class citizens in work and most those people who are from lower caste. Many people either educated or illiterate have same thinking that the community of Dalit (Lower caste) which is not considered part of human society. Thats why these community members generally perform the most menial and degrading jobs. My client Ms. Chamar, she is also from Dalit community. Stereotyping about this cast is they must handle dead animals and also consume their flesh. So this is very critical for her to faced bad thinking of people about her and her caste. Under the Nepalese constitution act (1990), caste discriminations were made a criminal offence and there are many rules about stereotyping and discrimination. Technological Factor (T): In worldwide, women tend to have less access to education, training opportunities so prejudice and stereotyping still placed in our society. In the case of Ms. Chamar, she has to develop her communication skills more and try to interact with other social literate persons also developed consumers relation. Because of science and technology covers the entire world so she must has to get more information about universal achievement in science, politics, economy and society. Solution and Recommendation After analysis all situation, it could be said that this is not a very big problem to solve. Her internal weaknesses and outside issues, cultural differences in society as well as differences between Asian and European culture, after discussing all these areas I would like to suggest to my client to move towards these recommendation. As an advisor, I came to the solution of her case like these ways: Improve interpersonal skills and power to face challenges. It is better to make a union of co-workers for equality rights at workplace. Planning before taking every action regarding safety and power. Try to avoid behaviour of tolerance everything. Interact with diverse professional contacts which help to learning about different culture in company. Try to know about office policies to determine how to handle harassment. Ensure that the area which create around you help to keep safe in workplace. Never tackle the harasser. If they threaten and you fear for safety, go directly to management and directors. Expand your sensitivity and keep an open mind to diversities. Make it your goal and exercise commitment and patience to remove stereotyping and type casting in workplace. Apply effort to challenge to learn from things that hard to understand. Forecast and Outcomes Stereotyping and Prejudice is a norm of every people in our culture. It takes still more time to move bad thinking about faiths, castes, cultures, and believes of peoples. It would not be change from effort of one person whole society and nation has to do full exercise to keep safe self from stereotyping and prejudice case. Here in the case of Ms. Rosina Chamar, she is either well skilled and broad minded but after facing these problems she become more weak, frustrate and helpless. These all happened not by her mistakes because these all came from society, governments weak policies as well as peoples ancient thinking. There is also fault of Management of Dynamic Power Supply Co. because if they take her problems seriously, she would not be in trouble now. If she will try to be bold and motivate self to avoid her challenges, these problems will be no more. Her threats will decrease automatically. There are so many opportunities she has, so she has to develop her strengths more. And it is better for her if Dynamic gets her problem seriously and take action regarding her problems. If she will get positive support from management no doubt that she will obviously do better work for company.

Strains on Partnership Arrangements in Business :: Business Ownership

a. Collaboration's importance to partners—One partner may give more management attention to a collaborative arrangement than the other does. a. If things go wrong, the active partner blames the less-active partner for its lack of attention, and the less-active partner blames the more active partner for making poor decisions. The difference in attention may be due to the different sizes of partners. b. Differing objectives—Although companies enter into collaborative arrangements because they have complementary capabilities, their objectives may evolve differently over time. For instance, one partner may want to reinvest earnings for growth and the other may want to receive dividends. One partner may want to expand the product line and sales territory, and the other may see this as competition with its wholly owned operations. A partner may wish to sell or buy from the venture, and the other partner may disagree with the prices. c. Control problems—By sharing the assets with another company, one company may lose some control of the extent or quality of the assets' use. When no single company has control of a collaborative arrangement, the operation may lack direction. Studies show that when two or more partners attempt to share in an operation's management, failure is much more likely than when one partner dominates. However, the dominating partner must consider the other company's interests. For this reason, studies also show that joint ventures with an even split in ownership are likely to succeed because the financial ownership ensures that management will consider both partners' interests. d. Partners' contributions and appropriations—One partner's capability of contributing technology, capital, or some other asset may diminish compared to its partner's capability over time. In almost all collaborative arrangements, there is a danger that one partner will use the other partner's contributed assets, enabling it to become a competitor. e. Differences in culture—Companies with different cultures differ in how they evaluate the success of their operations.

Characterization, Symbolism, and Repetition in Hundred Years of Solitud

Characterization, Symbolism, and Repetition in One Hundred Years of Solitude  Ã‚   The names of characters often suggest something about their personalities, either straightforwardly or ironically. Garcia Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude, Prudencio Aguilar is neither "prudent" nor "eagle-like" (aguila means "eagle" in Spanish).   Repetition of names and behaviors is another technique of characterization. Certain character types, e.g., the contemplative, stubborn man, or the impetuous, forceful man, the patient and nurturing woman, and so on, are represented by more than one individual in the several generations of the Buendia family. All the Jose Arcadios, for example, are assumed to have at least some of the traits of the original Jose Arcadio Buendia (impetuous and forceful), and all the Aurelianos have something in common with Colonel Aureliano Buendia (tendency toward solitude and contemplation). The repetitions are not exact, but the use of similar names is one way to suggest more about a character than is actually said. There are also repetiti ons of particular behaviors, for example, secluding oneself in a room for experiments or study. Some characters have characteristic signs to identify them. Examples include Pilar Ternera's laugh, Colonel Aureliano Buendia's solitary look, Aureliano Segundo's extravagance, Fernanda's continual muttering, and so on. Physical descriptions are used sparingly, letting the reader fill in the details beyond such generalities as "skinny" or "fat," "beautiful," "huge." An exception is made for Colonel Aureliano Buendia, who seems to be drawn from an especially clear mental image of the author's, as though copied from a photograph. Some of the more spectacular individuals are ... ...wears away the axle," until the whole system, including both the constant attempts to renew Macondo and the reproduction of the Buendia clan, breaks down.    Works Cited Bell-Villada, Gene H. Garcia Marquez: The Man and His Work. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. Griffin, Clive. "The Humour of One Hundred Years of Solitude." In McGuirk and Cardwell, 81-94. James, Regina. Gabriel Garcia Marquez: Revolutions in Wonderland. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1981. McGuirk, Bernard and Richard Cardwell, edd. Gabriel Garcia Marquez: New Readings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Williams, Raymond L. Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Boston: Twayne, 1984. Wood, Michael. "Review of One Hundred Years of Solitude." In Critical Essays on Gabriel Garcia Marquez. McMurray, George R., ed. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1987.